We Rely on All the Four Ways of Knowing free essay sample

Logic facilitates us to understand more about what our belief’s mean, and shows how clearly we can express them. Throughout the period logicians have discovered two different types of reasoning; inductive and deductive reasoning. Inductive reasoning is the use of scientific principles to draw the most probable conclusion from evidence. Inductive reasoning usually derives from observations and generalisations are made about the unobserved. However, because it is based on observations, it can be biased to the person therefore it might not be concrete knowledge and it might be subjective. Deductive reasoning is the use of necessary inference to draw sure conclusions from premises. Since its premises determine the validity of the form, therefore the argument is dependent upon the validity of the form of the argument and the truth of the premise. Thus the only weakness of deductive reasoning is the truth-value of its premises. Mathematics, which is one of the major areas of knowledge, is a subject that seems to charm and alarm people in equal measure. We will write a custom essay sample on We Rely on All the Four Ways of Knowing or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Mathematics in fact seems to give us more certainty than other areas of knowledge. And it said to be purely based on reasoning. Without reasoning, mathematics will not work. Is this true? When you reason formally, you begin with axioms. Mathematics is based on axioms. Axioms are based on assumption however the axioms of mathematics were considered to be self-evident truths, which offer a firm foundation for mathematics knowledge. There are four requirements for a set of axioms; they should be consistent, independent, simple and fruitful. Solving mathematical equations require logical thinking. Thus reason is an important aspect in math. Without reason, one will not be able to proof and explain the result to a particular mathematical equation however, when put into real life situation, reasoning will need to be evaluated due to other circumstances for example A mathematician will agree that the result of the equation above will always be two. Logically, when based on the axioms of math, 1+1 will never be equal to 4 or 5, thus making reason as a strong justification for math problems. However, one can argue that in real life situations, the two apples will not always be there. Imagine 100 years later, throughout time, the apples will rot away and therefore 1 + 1 will not always equal to two. When one uses reason as a justification for the present, reasoning may be seen as strength. However, when we attempt to evaluate the future and the aftermath of a situation, reasoning might not be one of the strongest ways of knowing, as shown from the example above. Therefore we could say that reasoning can be said as a misleading aspect when one ignores other circumstances, such as time. Although many say that math is based on reasoning, this is untrue, because math also utilizes axioms, therefore it is not strictly reasoning, but also on an assumption. Reasoning can also be applied to ethics. The ethical dilemma of abortion makes complete sense; when you don’t want something, you get rid of it. If you are against abortion; this means that you feel uncomfortable in taking other people’s lives. The reason behind this, might link to individual’s emotions. The emotions that speak to some, the guilt that one would feel when experiencing an abortion would prove it is unethical. Through the belief of against abortion, we assume that murder is wrong with no exceptions. However, to those who believe that abortion is ethical, one can reason that since the foetus is not developed yet, no soul will be abolished. Therefore abortion is ethical because women have the right to decide their own choices of maternity. For example, if we take the case of rape, and assume that the woman is impregnated. But the mother of the child is against abortion, and decided to give birth to this child. However, if we consider the fact that the mother of the child is incapable physically or economically to have a child, we can argue that reasoning may be a disadvantage; because it will not benefit both the mother and the child. However, the fact that the mother is unwilling to choose abortion might be caused by her emotion. There was a woman that I know and had this situation. She believes in premarital sex yet often practices it without safety. In this context, reasoning can be seen as a weakness because she reasons that due to the existence of abortion, it was acceptable for her to practice unsafe sex. At the end she was impregnated twice and chose to abort for both. Abortion was used weakly as a choice and therefore suggests that reasoning can lead to flawed decisions. Torture can also be applied to reasoning. For example, in the case of terrorism, is it ethical to torture one person in order to get information of the killing of the bombing of 1000 people? Some people might say it is ethical. Therefore these people will agree that there isn’t any problem in hurting one human being, and by torturing this person that we assume to be the terrorist, society can benefit it as this person would give the truth and will save 1000 people. However, there is a dilemma of the value of a soul. Although one is a terrorist, but who decides that one’s life is definitely less valuable than 1000 souls? When dealing with human’s lives, one cannot play God by making assumptions and decisions on which soul is to save, torture or ‘let go’. Moreover, one of the purposes of torture was to reveal the truth by putting the targeted person in pain. However, that will not always be the case. We do not know that the terrorist is saying the truth or whether he has immense belief in what he does rather than his life, therefore leading to give â€Å"false confessions†[1]. From this, we can clearly see that if we apply reason in torture, reason might not always works and it does not give us certainty. Art is exceedingly subjective and personal, even though emotions tend to play a bigger role in art as they communicate one’s reaction to his perceptions and this will create his own thoughts regarding this artwork within him. However, some might also say that reasoning can be used in the knowledge of art due to the abstractness of art, one can always see the relation of art. Another reason that reasoning can be applied to the knowledge of art is because it can be seen through the illusions in art. For example, in the picture of the young/old lady above, one instantaneously see a young lady, however, through reasoning one is able to see the young lady’s ear as old lady’s eyes and the young lady’s face as old lady’s nose. Thus one is able to see the old lady. However, the counter argument to this knowledge is that in comparison to emotion, reason may not be the strongest ways of knowing, in determining the knowledge of art. I heard this song called â€Å"never felt this way† by Bryan McKnight. And I was certain that it was a heartbreaking song. And since art is viewed from our personal perspective, and that art is subjective, therefore my beliefs became my knowledge. When I listened to this song again while reading the lyrics to find the meaning of this song, I realized that my belief is wrong, it was instead a love song; where the artist expressed how much this relationship means to him. This is evident to the lines such as: â€Å" darlin, Never felt so good. Never felt this way about lovin, it feels so good†. However, my emotions implied to me that it was a depressing song. I believed that the beat and the melody of this song had provoked me and came to such conclusion. Although my reasoning told me that this song was not sad, my emotions designated that it was so, and I was taken over by my emotions. Therefore, we can say that in determining the knowledge of art, reason is not the strongest way of knowing to use although reason gives some certainty but only within the reach of your own thoughts. And in this case, emotion is more reliable instead. In conclusion, although in one hand reasoning had its disadvantages, as reason can be taken over by other ways of knowing; such as emotion, and from the examples above, emotion can take over reason because usually in a situation there’s always a logical and emotional solution and usually the emotion wins, this is evident through my example on abortion. However, reason is one of the most certain because when we apply reason in a situation, we will be able to see a bigger picture of this situation, and this is evident through my examples from the illusion picture on art. Bibliography: Websites: †¢ http://samaralansari. blogspot. com/2006/11/samars-ib-tok-essay_15. html date accessed 11th November 2008 †¢ http://www. h4x3d. com/feat/themes/red-apple. jpg date accessed 11th November 2008 †¢ http://www. jokes123. com/picturejokes/picjokes6/bigimages/Lady_illusion. jpg date accessed 11th November 2008 †¢ http://www. azlyrics. com/lyrics/brianmcknight/neverfeltthisway. html date accessed 15th November 2008 †¢ http://andrewsullivan. theatlantic. com/the_daily_dish/2007/10/imaginationland. tml date accessed 22nd December 2008 Books: †¢ Theory of knowledge for the IB Diploma by Richard van de Lagemaat, first published in 2005 and reprinted in 2006; Cambridge †¢ Theory of knowledge by Nicholas Alchin, published in 2002, by John Murray; London Word Count: 1587 [1] Andrew Sullivan http://andrewsullivan. theatlantic. com/the_daily_dish/2007/10/imaginationland. html May 09 Theory of Knowledge essay 08 Fall Evaluate the streng ths and weaknesses of reason as a way of knowing + =

Celsius to Kelvin Temperature Conversion Example

Celsius to Kelvin Temperature Conversion Example Here is  an example problem  that explains how to convert a temperature from degrees on the Celsius scale to Kelvin. Its a useful conversion to know  because many formulas use Kelvin temperatures, but most thermometers report in Celsius. Celsius to Kelvin Formula To convert between the temperature scales, you need to know the formula. Celsius and Kelvin are based on the same size degree, just with different zero points, so this equation is simple: The formula to convert Celsius to Kelvin is: K  °C 273 or, if you want more significant figures: K  °C 273.15 Celsius to Kelvin Problem #1 Convert 27 ° C to Kelvin. Solution K  °C 273K 27 273K 300300 K Note that the answer is 300 K. Kelvin is not expressed in degrees. Why is this? A scale measured in degrees indicates it references another scale (i.e., Celsius has degrees because its actually based on the Kelvin scale). Kelvin is an absolute scale, with an endpoint that cant move (absolute zero). Degrees dont apply to this type of scale. Celsius to Kelvin Problem #2 Convert 77 ° C to Kelvin. Solution K  °C 273K 77 273K 350350 K More Temperature Conversion Calculators Convert Kelvin to CelsiusConvert Celsius to FahrenheitConvert Kelvin to Fahrenheit

How to prepare yourself for the examination Assignment

How to prepare yourself for the examination - Assignment Example 3-3:30 P.M. Be fresh Be fresh Be fresh Be fresh Be fresh Be fresh Be fresh 3:30 to 6:00 P.M. Human systems Human systems Human systems Human systems Human systems Human systems Human systems 6-8 P.M. Snacks/ Roam out Snacks/ Roam out Snacks/ Roam out Snacks/ Roam out Snacks/ Roam out Snacks/ Roam out Snacks/ Roam out 8-10 P.M. Physical science Physical science Physical science Physical science Physical science Physical science Physical science 10-11:30 P.M. Maths Maths Maths Maths Maths Maths Maths 11:30 -1 A.M. Dinner & others Dinner & others Dinner & others Dinner & others Dinner & others Dinner & others Dinner & others Rest of time Sleep Sleep Sleep Sleep Sleep Sleep Sleep Amount of time for revision You certainly need not to be worried about the revision. The time schedule in the above table itself will give you the excellent record. But, finish all your exercise within two months time. Using old papers That's really an excellent idea. It will give you clear picture of examination. But use these papers during your revision process. When you are revising all your exercises be ready with the old papers and find out where you are getting the difficulty to answer the question. If needed, go through those sections again and again carefully. Have a good look at all these papers and find out which sections are regularly asked. Emphasize those sections more during your revision phase. Checking time to answer the question This is of course a stupid question to answer, because it depends on various factors. Some of those may be your grasping power, ability to answer the question quickly and correctly, picking which question to answer first and the most important is your knowledge. If you know everything, I am quiet sure you will be answering all questions before time.... How to prepare yourself for the examination? Before you start the below discussed strategy make sure that you are concentrate enough to carry on your scheduled task properly, make excellent study environment in your room, try to stick with table and chair and have a table lamp (If you can manage) for good concentration to your studies. That's really an excellent idea. It will give you clear picture of examination. But use these papers during your revision process. When you are revising all your exercises be ready with the old papers and find out where you are getting the difficulty to answer the question. If needed, go through those sections again and again carefully. Have a good look at all these papers and find out which sections are regularly asked. Emphasize those sections more during your revision phase. This is of course a stupid question to answer, because it depends on various factors. Some of those may be your grasping power, ability to answer the question quickly and correctly, picking which question to answer first and the most important is your knowledge. If you know everything, I am quiet sure you will be answering all questions before time. So never be worried about this phase. But for your own satisfaction you must check it at least once. Just lock your room, be with a watch, got to chair and start answering the questions. Now the wisest point is in picking the paper. Answer those papers which you have not tried during you revision.

Diversity in the workplace Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Diversity in the workplace - Essay Example The paper will also explore the ways that promote understanding and diversity with the trends of companies hiring minorities in the workplace. The issue of workplace diversity is focused on the differences and the similarities that people bring in a given organization. Through definition, it entails the dimensions beyond the specified legally affirmative action of non-discrimination statues. There is an interpretation of diversity, which includes the ways in which, the influence of identities and perspectives of individuals bringing their professionalism, education, influence of their geographical location and parental status in a work place. The issue of diversity includes everyone in the work place. In various ways, its initiative complements the compliance program involving the non-discrimination. This is through the creation of an organization culture of developing different work and workplace environment. There are also practices, which encourage learning to establish the advantages associated with the diverse perspective (Cornell University ILR School, 2010). Benefits: diversity is a benefit of both the employee and employer. Associates are intertwined in the workplace respecting individual rights and differences and can increase productivity. Diversity in the workplace can lower lawsuits and boost marketing opportunities, recruiting and creativity and are essential to sound business image. Therefore, diversity is substantial to legitimate business success. Deborah (1999) argued that, the benefit is also complying with the law in California federal and state; both mandate equal opportunity legislation, which makes discrimination illegal in the workplace. These laws specify both the right and responsibility of both employer and associate in the workplace. Growth: Diversity is increasing every single day in every organization. Deborah (1999) explains that, in America, one in every four Americans belongs

Assess the Role of Faith in Supporting Religious Belief Essay Example for Free

Assess the Role of Faith in Supporting Religious Belief Essay In 1877, William Kingdon Clifford propositioned in his book Ethics and Belief that belief in something without sufficient evidence is irrational. Whilst he accepted that in many beliefs there is often an epistemic gap between the evidence and the conclusion (inductive reasoning) he did also claim that It is wrong always, everywhere, and for anyone, to believe anything upon insufficient evidence. Furthermore he claimed that that tolerating credulity (a tendency to believe readily) and superstition will damage ultimately society. He concurred with David Hume (1711-76) when he said All wise men proportion their belief to the evidence. This stance that belief without sufficient evidence is irrational is called evidentialism, and is adopted by many atheists (including Clifford and Hume) in their view of theology. However, natural theology instead attempts to meet evidentialism on its own terms by trying to show that belief in God is actually rational. It draws collectively upon all of the a posteriori arguments for Gods existence including the teleological, cosmological, moral and experiential arguments. However, it is rare that an atheist will be convinced by the evidence of these arguments anywhere beyond the point of agnosticism. It is generally accepted that belief in God requires some element of seemingly irrational faith. Indeed, the stance of fideism states that reason plays no part in belief. Whoever attempts to demonstrate the existence of Godis an excellent subject for a comedy of higher lunacy. Soren Kierkegaard. Moderate fideists suggest that reason can actually be destructive to ones faith. They claim that reason leads to arrogance by encouraging the idea that human reason alone will suffice and that God unnecessary for moral or spiritual direction. Whilst moderate theists view reason as a barrier to true faith however, (thus disregarding natural theology as irrelevant) extreme theists go so far as to agree with Tertullian when he said (AD 155-222) Credo quia absurdum est. or I believe because it is absurd. Aquinas (1225-74) claimed that there were two ways in which to know God. The first is through natural theology, including his five a posteriori proofs constructed by human reason. The second is through revealed theology which cannot be found by human reason alone, but must involve divine intervention or revelation. The acceptance of these revealed truths requires faith, and this is fundamental to the Christian religion. For example, only faith can reveal the truth behind the statement God is the father, the son and the Holy Ghost or that the bread of communion is the body of Christ. Thus revelation provides us with a body of truths, which must be taken on faith alone. Aquinas claims that faith is a combination of reason and opinion. It involves reason since it is propositional i.e. claims certain beliefs to be true and therefore similar to scientific knowledge. On the other hand these truths cannot be proved, and so involve an epistemic gap. It is this epistemic gap that makes faith a matter of opinion and so allows humanity free will over their belief. The stance that it is our choice whether or not to take a leap of faith was also held by Soren Kierkegaard (1812-1855). Alvin Plantinga (1932-) proposed that the classical foundationalism upon which evidentialism is based is flawed. Foundationalist beliefs are described by Plantinga as the starting points for thought and he summarises their definition as: I am entitled to believe X without any evidence if and only if it is self-evident, incorrigible or certain to me in some way. He argues that this is flawed, since this statement is itself neither self-evident, incorrigible nor is it certain in some way. It appears therefore that foundationalism defines itself as irrational. He also states that there are many beliefs that can be held rationally, but that do not fall under the foundationalist criteria or that can be justified contingently. For example, the trust we have in our memory, or the belief that other people have minds of their own. Plantinga argues that we must ultimately reject classical foundationalism on the grounds that it is incoherent, and also because it rejects many beliefs that common sense tells us to be properly basic. He propositions that his reformed epistemology should take the place of classical foundationalism, and because of this: It is entirely right, rational, reasonable and proper to believe in God without any evidence at all. A theist might claim that it just appears obvious to them that God exists, and for Plantinga this is good enough. However, surely this would mean that anything we like can be a properly basic belief? Could a childs belief in Santa Clause not be defined as properly basic? Plantinga would respond by saying that it is the beliefs directly connected to Gods existence that are properly basic, rather than the belief in Gods existence itself. For example, the guilt felt after committing a bad deed or the sense that something must have created and designed the universe. Blaisà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Pascal (1623-1662) deemed that it was reasonable to have faith in God by a sheer act of will, so certain was he that he put forward a wager: Let us weigh the gain and loss in wagering that God is (exists)If you gain, you gain all, if you lose, you lose nothing. By this, he meant that the theist stands the chance of gaining entrance to heaven at the risk of nothing, whilst the atheist however risks damnation to hell. However, surely this basis of self-gain is at odds with the teachings of the Christian church? W.K.Clifford suggested that God would deny heaven to those who followed Pascals wager on the basis that faith should be founded upon trust and morality, not self gain. Pascal might have responded that true belief would arise from the habit of religion i.e. baptism, mass, prayer etc. However, this is contradicted somewhat by his opinion that ones relationship with God should be somewhat deeper. It is the heart which perceives God and not reason. Furthermore, Pas cals definition of faith appears to ignore the recognition of Gods immanence and His affect on our everyday lives. William James (1842-1910) found Pascals proposition that we can change our beliefs by an act of will entirely ridiculous. He claimed solidly that our beliefs are contingent i.e. each new belief is connected to the previous one. He does agree however that it is rational to sustain a belief even without sufficient evidence given certain circumstances. The first circumstance is where the evidence is indeterminate between two beliefs i.e. favours neither option. The second circumstance is if we are faced with a genuine option i.e. one that is living, forced and momentous. By living James means one that is a reality, as opposed to a dead option, that whilst theoretically possible, isnt actually going to happen e.g. a devout Catholic supporting the gay pride movement. A forced option is one that cannot be avoided, e.g. choosing whether to go to school or to have a lie in when your alarm goes off at 7:30. A momentous option is one that is unique and irreversible e.g. joining the army as opposed to a trivial option which is reversible and one that happens regularly throughout life. James states that it is therefore sometimes rational to believe in God without sufficient evidence if the choice is a genuine option. He disputes Pascals wager as necessarily being a genuine option as it is not necessarily forced (one could deny the possibility of going to hell) nor is it necessarily living (one might be a devout follower of a different religion). However, he does accept that for a person who perceives the evidence as indeterminate and is already open to belief in God, Pascals wager might succeed in tipping the scales and getting them to make that leap of faith. James does believe however that faith can in some instances be a genuine option, and a decision that involves seizing the opportunity and taking a risk. He states that when faced with a genuine option and without sufficient evidence, making a decision will then reveal the evidence to us. For example, one cannot be sure of a strangers kindness until they have decided to trust the stranger and give them a chance. Similarly, by making a leap of faith in God, the definitive truth will be later revealed by eschatological verification. However, natural theologians such as Aquinas would certainly dispute James claim that the evidence is indeterminate, for the cosmological, teleological, moral and experiential arguments whilst inconclusive can be extremely persuasive. Furthermore, like Pascal, he seems to ignore faith as an acceptation of Gods immanence and active presence in our lives. The version of faith held by Aquinas, Plantinga, Pascal and James is propositional in that they all claim that faith about believes in Gods objective existence. However, faith can also be seen existentially as an attitude incorporating God subjectively into the believers life. For instance, when I say I believe that murder is wrong or I believe in free speech I am not stating anything about existence, but rather about my commitment towards certain values. H.H.Price (1899-1985) claimed that the statement I believe in God is similar to this in that it is a way of perceiving the world using certain values. to see oneself as a created, dependent creature, receiving life and well being from a higher sourcethe only appropriate attitude is one of grateful worship and obedience. John Hick. To conclude; each of the arguments examined above vary in their relationship with reason, but what they all have in common is that faith is central to the believer and must work independently of reason to some degree. Some of the arguments incorporate reason, some reject it entirely, but the transcendent nature of God can never be proved, can never be indubitable, for faith is an integral part of religion. Perhaps then natural theology is not trying to prove Gods existence to the point where faith is cast out and certainty resides in its place, but rather it is merely trying to explore Gods nature. I do not seek to understand so that I may believe, but I believe in order to understand St. Anselm (1033-1109) Proslogian 1. Natural theology could therefore be seen as an expression of faith, rather than a foundation for it. The majority of theists argue that faith is necessary, for if God proved himself to us, we would no longer have free will over our belief and so would be robots without dignity. On the other hand, surely God in His omnipotence could find some way of maintaining our freedom whilst simultaneously providing us certainty of his love? Why not give certainty to the millions of His helpless and suffering children who have lost faith; for where is their dignity?

Diketo Analogues and Their Significance

Diketo Analogues and Their Significance INTRODUCTION Medicinal chemistry is the branch of science, which has remarkable value for synthesis of novel drugs with intense therapeutic activity. It concerns with discovery, development, identification and interpretation of mode of action of biologically active compounds at molecular level. The molecular biological revolution and progressive mapping of human ‘genome’ have created a new biochemical and biostructural ‘world order.’1 These developments have provided new challenges and opportunities for drug research in general and drug design in particular. Pure organic compounds, natural or synthetic products are the chief source of agents for the cure, the mitigation or the prevention of disease today. The major objectives of the medicinal chemists are transformation of pathobiochemical and physiological data into a ‘chemical language’ with the aim of designing molecules interacting specifically with the derailed or degenerating processes in the diseased organisms. The development of chemotherapy during past 60 years constitute one of most important therapeutic advances in history of medicine and antimicrobial drugs are the greatest contribution of present century to therapeutics2. Potential therapeutic targets are being disclosed with increasing frequency and the exponential growth will continue during the next decades. In this situation there is a need for rapid and effective target validation and for accelerated lead discovery procedures. Organic chemists are increasingly directing their attention towards synthetic aspects of biomolecules and biologically active compounds, biosynthesized by plants and animals. Many important biochemical compounds and drugs of natural origin contain heterocyclic ring structures. Many of them are employed in treatment of many infectious diseases due to their specific activity, but their use in treatment is attributed to their inherent toxicity to various pathogens. DIKETO ANALOGUES AND THEIR SIGNIFICANCE Antibacterial The quinolones3 are well known synthetic antibacterial agents with di keto moiety some examples are Ciprofloxacin (1) Norfloxacin (2). Boteva4 et al synthesized some Halogen Substituted 4,5-dibenzoyl-1-phenyl-1H-pyrrole-2,3-dione derivatives (2-6) evaluated for Antibacterial Activity. Anti HIV The first report of a class of compounds that inhibit HIV integrase appeared in 1992. Aurin tricarboxylic acids and derivatives were determined to inhibit 3’ processing of viral cDNA with moderate iC50 values of 10-50micromolar. Thus the 1st pharmacophore with integrase inhibitory activity was determined i.e. aromatic rings with multiple hydroxyl substituents positioned on same ring or present close together in a 3D space if rings stack on top of each other. Since then considerable amount of work has been carried out in developing potential inhibitors of integrase taking the above compounds as leads. Presently there is only one FDA approved drug used as integrase inhibitor i.e. Raltegravir or Isentress, (7) approved in 2007. Elvitegravir (8) is another potential integrase inhibitor which is in phase III clinical trial5. THIOPHENE ANALOGS AND THEIR SIGNIFICANCE Thiophene (9) and its derivatives are an important class of heterocyclic compounds possessing broad biological activities, such as anti-inflammatory6, analgesic6, antioxidant7, antitubercular8, antidepressant9, sedative9, antiamoebic10, oral analgesic11, antimetabolite12, and antineoplastic properties13. Antimicrobials Thiophene analogues have been known as antibacterials. In the year 2007 Stephane et al14 reported the synthesis and antibacterial activity of arylbenzothiophenes (10) and diarylthiophenes. (11) (10) (11) In the year 2010 Kavitha P N et al15 reported the antimicrobial activity of 3- amino-2- mercapto-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobenzo(b)thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4(3H)-ones (12-17) by using B. subtilus, K. pneumonia and A. niger. Desai Akshay et al16 reported the synthesis of 2-thiophene-2- ethylthioureido-4- morpholino-6-(aryl) ureido-s-triazines.(18-23) These analogs were evaluated for their antimicrobial activity using S. typhi, C. albicans. Bhuiyan Md. Mosharef Hossain et al17 reported synthesis of 4-hydrazino-2- mehylthio-5-ethyl-6- methylthieno [2,3-d] pyrimidine (24) which is evaluated as antimicrobial agent by using B.cereus, V.cholerae, A.alternate. (24) Shiradkar M. et al18 reported synthesis of N-[3-(substituted)-7H- [1,2,4] triazolo [3,4-b] [1,3,4] thiadiazine / thiadiazol-4,5,6,7- tetrahydrobenzo[b] thiophenes (25-32) as good antimicrobial agents by using E.coli, S.aureus, A.nigar. Ahmed M. M. et al19 reported synthesis of 4-(substituted)-7-cyano- 6-phenyl aminothieno [3,2-d] pyrimidins (33-34) and evaluated as good antimicrobial agents by using B.subtilis and St.aureus, compared with reference drug Amoxicillin. The 6-methyl-2-phenyl-3-(substituted)-3H-thieno[3,2-d] pyrimidin-4-ones (35-38) has been reported by Chander Mohan et al20 and evaluated for antimicrobial activity by using B. subtilis, E.coli, P.aeruginosa compared with standard drug Ciprofloxacin. Bhuiyan Md. Mosharef Hossain et al21 reported synthesis of thieno[3,2-e] imidazo[1,2-c] pyrimidin-2(3H)ones (39) which was evaluated for antimicrobial activity against B. cereus, S.typhi and A.alternatacompare to reference drugs Ampicillin with Nystatin. (39) Shetty Nitin kumar et al22 reported synthesis of 8,9,10,11-tetrahydro[1]benzothieno[3,2-e] [1,2,4]triazolo [1,5- c]pyrimidine -8-ones (40-42) and evaluated for antibacterial activity against B. subtilis comparable to ampicilin. References : Larsen PK, Liljefors T, Madsen U, editors. Text book of drug design and discovery. 3rd ed. London: Taylor Francis; 2002. Rang HP, Dale MM, Ritter JM Pharmacology, 4th edition Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh, 1999: 648 Wilson Gisvold, Textbook of Organic Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, 10th edition, Lippincott publication Philadelpia 196-203. A.A Boteva, O. P. Krasnykh, S.S.Dubrovina, M. I. Vakhrin, E.B. Babushkina, T.F. Odegova, I.V. Solova, Pharm Chem J , 2008, 42 (8), 12-15. Vincenzo Summa AlessiaPetrocchi, Fabio Bonelli, BenedettaCrescenzi, Monica Donghi, Marco Ferrara, Fabrizio Fiore, Cristina Gardelli, Odalys Gonzalez Paz, Daria J. 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Azam, Copper(II) complexes with substituted thiosemicarbazones of thiophene-2-carboxaldehyde: synthesis, characterization and antiamoebic activity against E. histolytica, Eur. J. Med. Chem. 40 (2005) 1414-1419. O. F. William, Principles of Medicinal Chemistry, 3rd. ed., Lippincott Williams Wilkins Publication, Philadelphia, 1989. A.A. Sagardoy, M. J. Gil, R. Villar, et al., Benzo[b]thiophene-6-carboxamide 1,1-dioxides: Inhibitors of human cancer cell growth at nanomolar concentrations, Bioorg. Med. Chem. 18 (2010) 5701-5707. A.A. Fadda, E. Abdel-Latif, R.E. El-Mekawy, Synthesis and molluscicidal activity of some new thiophene, thiadiazole and pyrazole derivatives, Eur. J. Med. Chem. 44 (2009) 1250-1256. 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Fly-By-Night Case Essay

A). When looking at the balance sheet, the first noticeable signal among assets is the rapid increase in accounts receivable in years 12, 13, and 14. It means that there are more products sold in credit than in cash and direct useable funds. Another signal is the sudden increase in inventories in years 12, 13, and 14. The previous three years, inventories slightly decreased. Only from year 11 to year 12 inventories almost triples and keeps increasing significantly the next two years. It shows there is has been a change in the production system making is less efficient. The last signal among assets is the increase in property, plant, and equipment for the years 13 & 14. It is likely that the increase is a result from the less efficient production in year 12. By buying new equipment, they expected to be able to meet the production needs. Then, the first noticeable signal among liabilities and shareholders’ equity is the increase in current portion of long-term debt in years 13 & 14. The acquired extra debt is most likely a result from acquiring property, plant, and equipment. Another signal is the increase in accounts payable for year 13 & 14. It is a result from the extended terms of payments. In year 12, the company had 26 days to pay which increased to 48 days in year 13 and increased even further in year 14 to 84 days. The company keeps buying products but does not have the resources to pay for it and takes longer to pay vendors. Next, when looking at the income statement it is noticeable there is an increase in deprecation which is due to acquiring property, plant, and equipment. There is an increase in interest expense which is due to acquiring more debt. Then in year 14, it results in an operating loss since the expenses are higher than income (positive income tax). Lastly, when looking at the cash flows the most noticeable is the negative change in cash flow for operations. To be able to keep your liquidity high  or ability to pay current expenses, you need to generate cash through net cash flow from operations. Only due to the increase in net cash flow from acquiring property, plant, and equipment the total cash flow decreases. B). Yes, the company can avoid bankruptcy. Only FBN needs to make some strategy and implementation changes. The income statement shows that sales have increased significantly from year 12 to year 14. As the company’s transactions with the U.S. Air Force, U.S. Navy, and the Federal Reserve Bank are covering 60-70% of total revenues, the company has secured income up to years 16-17. The conclusion is that the main concerns of the company are liquidity, costs, and efficiency. The board of directors needs to improve cash levels to lower the liquidity risk. As exhibit 5 shows the current and quick ratio of FBN have decreased over the past years which is the main cause for the high liquidity risk. There a few ways to do this. One option would be to negotiate with customers over the terms of accounts receivable to generate cash faster. Another option would be to issue shares to increase the level of cash. Another issue is the increase of inventory. A high level of inventory increases costs for FBN such as holding costs. The company should have insight in the market conditions so it can produce the needed products efficiently. There needs to be some inventory available for emergency situations or unexpected orders, but the number should be as low as possible. Finally, the total expenses are higher than sales in year 14 which signals that the company either needs to improve efficiency or cut costs. Depreciation costs have increased significantly due to the increased sales and therefore the acquirement of plant, property, and equipment. The ROA has decreased to 0%. In order to get a positive profit margin, costs need to be cut. On the other side, effectiveness and efficiency of the assets need to be improved to generate net sales from the fixed-assets investments.