8 Stages of Genocide

There are 8 stages of genocide the first stage is classification. The Jewish people, homosexuals, handicapped, and gypsies were the main target for the Nazi’s. The reason why was because Adolf Hitler thought that Germany was becoming weaker because of the people who he thought were to be Genetically week. His idea of a non weak person is a person who is pale, blonde hair, and blue eyes. The second stage of Genocide is Symbolization, the Nazi soldier’s symbolized targeted people with different color triangles.The homosexuals had a pink triangle, brown triangles for gypsies, green for criminals, and red for political enemies. All of the people who were marked with triangles were targeted very easy, were harassed, but the main purpose of the coloured triangles was so they would be easy identified. The third stage of Genocide is Dehumanization, German doctors would experiment on the people they kept prisoners like animals because they were trying to find out how to make the perfect human being. The fourth stage of genocide is Organization, the way that Nazi’s prepared for theGenocide was by putting people into Ghettos for easy access. Then the weak would be moved off to be exterminated. The fifth stage of Genocide is Polarization The Jews were often told by Nazi soldiers that they were not worthy to live in normal towns so they put the Jews into Ghettos which were often dirty, disease ridden and low on food. The Nazi soldiers acted like they were greater then everyone. The sixth stage of Genocide is Preparation They prepared for genocide by splitting people up and putting them intoGhettos for easy access and making coloured triangles for easy identification and punishment. The seventh stage of Genocide is Extermination. Many people died in the holocaust inlcuding Jews, Roman, homosexuals. Around 6 million people overall died because of this Holocaust and up to 1. 5 million were kids. The last stage of Genocide is Denial Holocaust denial is the claim that the genocide never happened. It was claimed that only 2,700 people died because of World War I and that camps could not have held that many people

Innovation in Agriculture

Indian organizations have acquired a reputation for organizational and social innovation and strategies centered round new concepts of frugal innovation. It has been suggested that some of these developments reflect specific socio-economic and framework conditions peculiar to the Indian context. At the same time many Indian firms have yet to institute systems and procedures required for supporting technological, product and service innovations. The existence of formal R&D departments/divisions, offers a ritualistic fig leaf for innovation practice. The absence of organizational support and a holistic innovation strategy coupled with an integrative perspective obscures or limits the development of a proactive innovation strategy. The paradox of Indian innovation suggests that the necessity of developing and managing the abundant supply of human resources in the country is central to its conceptualization and realization. These innovations get manifested mainly in two different patterns, one of which relates to the management of human resources within organizations, and the other to the creation of social enterprises for the development of human resources outside; the latter may also take the form of CSR initiatives by corporate organizations. One of the implications of the ‘abundant supply of human resources in the country’ is that Indian organizations have to adopt people-focused business strategies rather than the command structures cantered round the use, performance and incentivisation of human resources. This issue probably makes India different from Western countries and there is a big opportunity both for comparative research and best practice exchange. A second interesting implication of the above is that over the years there has been a phenomenal growth in the number of social enterprises in India, which are different from commercial enterprises in having ‘social development’ (rather than ‘profit-making’) as their main objective. For this reason they are likely to be perennially operating under resource constraints, which make it difficult for them to survive without innovations. The aim is to investigate innovative HR and other related strategies adopted by Indian commercial as well as social enterprises. Innovation is rarely a product of the internal resources of the firm alone. Relations with other organizations are likely to be crucial to the success f innovations. We also wish to explore how innovations in Indian firms are influenced by their relations with other organizations. Topics to be covered in the presentation will include (but are not restricted to) the following: * Principal types and characteristics of innovations in Indian firms * HR innovations in Indian firms * Innovations in Indian social enterprises Role of public bodies in supporting firms’ innovation * Organizational constraints and facilitators of innovation * Innovation in different types of industries (manufacturing/service, h i-tech/low-tech, small/medium/large, etc) * Innovative relationships with other organizations * Support for innovations from inter-organizational relationships * Sources, means and types of information and knowledge important for firms’ innovation * National and regional innovation systems * Costs, benefits and impacts of Innovations Please note that the deadline for paper submission is  2nd January 2012.

Case Analysis Of The Health care Systems

The health care systems that have been established in Australia have exerted pressure of the highest degree on the growing population of the country. It must be noted here that Australia has a mixed system of public and private health care provisions that have been regulated at different levels of governmental proceedings. Furthermore, the understanding of the function and structure of the health care system along with the factors that result in the elevation of the related costs is the primary requirement for the establishment of a proper financial management structure (Kaur 2015). The issue that has been presented in this question is that a case study where a nurse manager has been appointed for the purpose of managing a 32 bed general surgical ward that is placed in a metropolitan hospital in a major city. The particular issue in regards to the restructuring of the hospital networks in the local Area Health Service is that the general surgical ward has been asked to be combined with the 12 bed surgical ward that has been specially constructed for the purpose of short stay. The steps that are required for the development of a nursing business service plan can be described in a detailed method. The initial stage involves planning of the business case for the employment of the organizational fund. Here, it can be understood that the establishment of the 12 bed short stay surgical ward will require sufficient funds. Moreover, the planning should be carried out in such a way that the general surgical ward is placed adjacent to the short stay ward without hampering the functioning of both the wards are not hampered by each other (Song, Qiu and Liu 2016). The aims and objectives of the expansion should also be clarified in order to determine the particular service that is being offered to the patients (Song, Qiu and Liu 2016). The required support from the employees and other stakeholders of business should also be derived for the implementation of the expansion of the health care facilities (Dafny, Ho and Lee 2017). Next, the cost that is required for the setting up of the expanded part of the business should be properly calculated and figured (Dafny, Ho and Lee 2017). Lastly, enough initiative should be taken in order to facilitate the successful establishment of the short stay ward along with the general surgical ward (Singh caes et al., 2015). The staff who will be required for attending the patients in the short stay ward have to be trained accordingly (Singh caes et al., 2015). Moreover, the sections in regards to the general surgical ward and the short stay ward should be clearly segregated and the purpose should be explained of the expanded facility should be explained to the nurses and other staff of the hospital (Singh caes et al., 2015) It must be noted here that in case of a health care facility, the data does not flow into the entity in a standardized way. A great deal of challenge has to be faced by the health care systems in terms of collection of data from patients, enrollees and other members. The health care systems deal in a diverse range of documents like the data collection systems, medical records, billing records, health plans and other related documents. The data that is essentially required to develop a service profile are the data in regards to the race and ethnicity of the patients, individual persona health records and electronic data health records and other systems of data. It must be noted here that the till that point is reached when the collected data has been better integrated by the entities, there will be a certain degree of redundancy that will be in the collection of data in regards to the race, ethnicity and other related patient information. Moreover, the methods that would be adopted for the collection of information should be integrated into the data flows that are operating in the current times. The issue in regards to the efficiency and privacy of the patients should also be considered (Parikh 2017). Therefore, the documents that should are needed to be collected for the purpose of analyzing and developing a service profile are the supply market sources document. This document will help in identifying the suggested external sources that will essentially reflect the supply market data that will result in the further development of the effective business strategies. A developing strategic commissioning plans document is also required. Therefore, the documents that will be required are Guidance on Developing Strategic Commissioning Plans, Options Appraisal, External Data Sources Template, Registers, Medication journals, Clinic guidelines, Documents for recording the details of the diseased. The service demand for the new service level would be that the patients who would need treatment for a day or two, could be accommodated in the short stay ward and treated accordingly. However, it must be noted here that the ward has the capacity to accommodate 12 individuals at once. Therefore, the facilities should be arranged in that particular way. The work methodology that should be utilized for the determination of the supply of nurses required to staff the new service level are that the nurses already attending the general surgical ward should be properly trained in order to carry out the attending of the individuals who will be admitted to the short stay ward. It can be easily deduced from the names that the patients who will be attending the general surgical ward would be accommodating those patients that need intense care, as they will be undergoing general and complex surgeries. On the other hand, the short stay surgical ward will be accommodating those patients who can be cured in a lesser degree of time and do not hold such complexities in terms of injuries or other diseases. This means that the nurses who are attending the general surgical ward patients will be readily able to treat the patients of the short surgical ward. The only providence that should be available is a proper training and guideline framework for th e purpose of distinctly making the process clear to the nurses and other staff of the hospital in regards to the nature patients in both the surgical wards and the level of service they need. There is no certain concern in regards to the skill-mix or staff education issues for the purpose of attending to the patients of the short stay surgical ward. This is because the patients of the general surgical ward need due care and attention as they are suffering from injuries or other disease that are complex in nature and need surgery. Therefore, the degree of skill that is needed to attend to the patients of this particular ward will be apparently higher than the skill that is required to attend the patients of the short stay surgical ward. Thus, it can be deduced that the nurses and other staff will not be facing any kind of issues in regards to the staff education. However, it must be noted here that the particular behavior will be different in case of the patients that are for general and complex surgeries and the patients who are to get well soon in a shorter period of time. It is the primary duty of the nurse manager to make this clear among the nurses and other staff so that they can understand the degree of difference in behavior and service between the patients of the general surgical ward and the short stay surgical ward (Parikh 2017). A cost centre budget might be beneficial for the nurse manger to control the expenditures of the wards (Dafny, Ho and Lee 2017). The advantages of the cost centre budget are that the implementation of a cost centre budget will help in the comparison of the performance of the service unit in terms of the short stay surgical ward and the general surgical ward. A cost centre budget will help the nurse manager in identifying the underperforming parts of the hospital or the parts that require excessive un-estimated costs. A cost centre budget will help in the identification of the centers that generate the largest amount of expenditure. The identification of the cost centers will also facilitate the fact that the management of the hospital will be able to target these centers as the primary areas where the cost management strategies could be applied. A cost center budget also helps in improving the reaction speed. This is because the cost center budget will help in the allocation of the m ost skilled and responsible staff that will try to reduce the cost in facilitating such a center, which will in turn improve the reaction, speed. A cost center budget will also enable the staff and the nurses to make decisions on their part, which will increase the degree of motivation and thus enhance productivity. A flexible budget refers to the particular budget that includes the calculation of the different levels of expenditure in regards to the variable costs that depends on the changes in the actual amount of revenue that is incurred. A flexible budget is prepared at the end of each accounting period and this particular budget involves preparation in accordance to the inputs. The flexible budget is next compared to the actual revenue incurred for the purpose of controlling the expenditures. Some of the benefits of the flexible budgets are that a flexible budget is useful for those businesses whose costs are closely related to the level of business activity. This particular method of budgeting also is useful in measuring the effectiveness of the services provided by the employees or the staff. Moreover, a flexible budget can be very easily updated (Barr and McClellan 2018). A particular disadvantage of the flexible budget is that the implementation of such a budget is difficult to administer and formulate. A flexible budget cannot be aligned with any kind of accounting software making the comparison of the financial statements with the budgeted statements impossible. Moreover, a flexible budget cannot facilitate the comparison between the actual revenue and the budgeted revenue due to the fact that the both the numbers are similar (Barr and McClellan 2018). Zero based budgeting refers to the particular method of budgeting in which the expenses that are estimated to be incurred by a particular business entity for a new accounting period is assumed to be zero. This means that the expenses for the new accounting period are calculated on the basis of the actual expenses that are incurred rather than on incremental basis. The advantages of zero based budgeting are that this particular method of budgeting will result in focused operations, lower degree of costs, a controlled and disciplined execution of the business strategies in regards to effective cost management. The disadvantages of zero based budgeting can be listed down to the fact that this particular method of budgeting is resource intensive in nature. Moreover, a zero based budget is exposed to a high degree of manipulation by the managers of the organizations as it involves short term planning(Barr and McClellan 2018). An output based budgeting refers to the particular method of budgeting that is dependent on the performance by the employees or the staff of the organization. It is that method of budgeting that ties the measurement of the individual or the departmental performance with the particular process of budgeting. The advantage of output based budgeting is that the amount that is allocated to a particular department has a direct link with the departmental performance. This inspires the department personnel to increase their all round productivity in order to obtain more monetary benefits that may be allocated via the output based budgeting method. A disadvantage of the output based budgeting is that this particular kind of budget is prepared from the baseline of the organization and construct a request for the budget from each department. However, the ultimate grant of the budgeted amount depends on the high-ranking officials of the management who may manipulate the figures or take decisions that are exposed to political influences (Miller 2018). Among the above mentioned three methods of budgeting, the particular method that would be most suitable for the nurse manager to implement in the hospital is the flexible budget. This is because the flexible budget essentially involves the preparation of the budget on the basis of the level of activities that are performed in the field of work. Therefore, this is the suitable method of budgeting. The three main areas of expenditure that may be considered while developing a cost centre budget are the expenditure related to the different surgeries that might have to be conducted for the patients in the general surgical ward; the expenditures related to the general pharmacy that will be installed within the hospital for the welfare of the patients. Moreover, the third major area that should be considered is that the expenditure in relation to the emergency ward should also be considered as the most critical medical cases are conducted here. Moreover, this is the ward where the most valuable medical equipments and applications are placed, the maintenance of which requires sufficient cost. An example of the cost center budget has been shown below that may be applied in case of the private hospital. The salaries and wage budget that has been prepared above consist of the mandatory remuneration components that should be received by a personnel in the health care sector. The assumptions have been made on the basis of the different salary components that are given by reputed health care institutions in Australia. Moreover, the overtime allowance that has been included in this particular table indicates the extra monetary benefit that will be received by the staff. This is on account of the fact that the nurses might have to do overtime duty on the account of the fact that the work space now has been expanded into an additional unit of short stay surgical ward (Dafny, Ho and Lee 2017). The conclusion that can be arrived at from the discussions in the preceding paragraphs is that setting up or expanding a health care facility in Australia is a rigorous process. Beginning from planning the facility to the preparation of the salaries and wage budget requires skilled analysis and evaluation. However, the service provided by these health care facilities and the hospitals is commendable and should be praised for the welfare carried out by these entities. Barr, M.J. and McClellan, G.S., 2018. Budgets and financial management in higher education. John Wiley & Sons. Dafny, L., Ho, K. and Lee, R.S., 2017. The price effects of cross-market mergers: Theory and evidence from the hospital industry. Kalyani, P., 2015. A study on implementation of community health insurance scheme in the cardiology department of a tertiary care government hospital. Journal Of Evolution Of Medical And Dental Sciences-Jemds, 4(18), pp.3124-3133. Kaur, A., 2015. Computerized Hospital Management Information System-Public And Private Sector. Global Journal of Computer Science Research & Technology, pp.1123-1134. Kumar, V., Patil, R., Patil, M., Mudbi, S., Kaveri, C. and Patil, S., 2014. Pattern of antibiotics usage in bidar institute of medical sciences,(BRIMS) teaching hospital, Bidar. Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences, 3(29), pp.8122-8126. Miller, G., 2018. Performance based budgeting. Routledge. Ó hAlmhain, O., 2015. Medication safety officer in an Irish hospital: a financial cost-benefit appraisal (Doctoral dissertation, The Institute of Public Administration). Poola, D., Garg, S.K., Buyya, R., Yang, Y. and Ramamohanarao, K., 2014, May. Robust scheduling of scientific workflows with deadline and budget constraints in clouds. In Advanced Information Networking and Applications (AINA), 2014 IEEE 28th International Conference on (pp. 858-865). IEEE. Shah, J.N., 2017. Taking Specialist Surgical Services to the Rural District Hospitals at One Forth Cost: A Sustainable ‘Return on Investment’Public Health Initiative of Patan Hospital, Patan Academy of Health Sciences, Nepal. Kathmandu University Medical Journal, 13(2), pp.186-192. Singh, S., Ahalawat, I., Singh, B., Singh, S. and Chauhan, A., 2015. Study of Cost Analysis of in House Dieteary Services in a Tertiary Care Academic Hospital. Song, J., Qiu, Y. and Liu, Z., 2016. Integrating optimal simulation budget allocation and genetic algorithm to find the approximate Pareto patient flow distribution. IEEE Transactions on Automation Science and Engineering, 13(1), pp.149-159. Sudheer, G., Prabhu, G.R. and Sridhar, M.S., 2015. A study of prescription writing practices of doctors in geriatric age group patients in a teaching hospital. Jour of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences, 4(3), pp.322-8.

Choose 3 non-profit political organizations. Discuss how these 3 Essay

Choose 3 non-profit political organizations. Discuss how these 3 groups have been negatively affected by the large amounts of mo - Essay Example Large sums of money spent by different presidential candidates have a significant impact on American social-political ecosystem. More so, the lucrative expenditure has a significant impact on non-profit political organizations. This essay focuses on the impact of lucrative election on non-profit political organizations within the country. American Civil Liberties Union, League of Women Voters and People for the American Way are the main political organizations in the country. League of Women Voters was founded in 1920 in Illinois. The league focused on women voting rights, which had not been included in the country’s constitution. The group is a non-partisan political organization and neither supports nor opposes government official at either level of the government. However, the organization takes stand on various controversial issues particularly those that affect women’s rights during an election. On the other hand, American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) is a non-prof it organization whose mission is to defend individual rights and liberties as stipulated in the country’s constitution (Mooney). ACLU works through litigation, lobbying and civic education. It was established in 1920 as a non-partisan political wing to defend anti-war protestors. ... PFAW has its headquarters in Washington and it monitors Right Wing activities through political lobbying and volunteer mobilization. The three groups have been most vibrant during a presidential election season. Non-profit political organizations have a mission to educate voters and to ensure that elections are conducted on a neutral environment. Thus, the different political organization focuses on different needs of the society. League of women voters (LWV) focuses on voter’s education through seminar and the media. In past elections, LWV has been active in encouraging registration among women voters. The league has also a major sponsor of presidential debates. However, its board of trustees voted unanimously for the league to pull out of the presidential debate following the 1988 sponsorship (Stevens 161). Other activities of the group during previous presidential elections include promotion of human rights. Fundamentally, the groups educate American voters on their rights and offer them an opportunity to make independent decision. In recent presidential elections, political aspirants and their supporters have been spending large sums of money to boost their chances of winning the elections. Due to the large sums of money spent by PACs, the groups have lost their reputation and influence among American voters. It is obvious that the groups have become less active in the recent past as the super PACs continuously take their position in the country’s politics. The PACs spend their monies on advertisements meant to support or defend the policies of their selected presidential aspirants. On the other hand, the ads can

Charlotte Perkins Gilman v. David Foster Wallace Essay

Charlotte Perkins Gilman v. David Foster Wallace - Essay Example Many believe that depression can lead to mental disorder which is not true but it can affect a person’s perception and attitude. The author states that the girl feels neglected as her parents are more concerned about â€Å"scoring petty points of each other† (P). It makes her feel that her parents have abandoned her with no help and or concern. The author further shows that a depressed person looks for support and comfort, which can help her gain confidence and strength to fight the situation. In the book the girl’s therapist finds that the â€Å"depressed person’s support system† comprised of girls who happen to be her childhood friends and few other who helped her at â€Å"various stages of her school career† (P). She calls these acquaintances in late nights to get support and â€Å"some realistic perspective on the day’s despair† (P). The context in which the author mentions the girl’s situation gives the readers a cle ar idea that depression cannot be purely called as a mental illness. Often situations lead a person to a sense of despair which causes emotional stress and trauma. There should be a proper approach to the depressed persons in order to get them out of that situation. They often feel that they are boring and blame themselves for being in that situation. This might be due to lack of proper support system required for an individual in the situation of emotional agony. Giving the example of the situation the girl is in, the author says â€Å"the depressed person always apologized for dragging them down or coming off as boring or self-pitying or repellant or taking them away from their active, vibrant, largely pain-free long-distance lives† (P). They also think that talking to others during depression can make others feel bored. Therefore, most of the depressed individuals like to be alone and isolated. More interaction with such people can help to improve their situation. A great deal of compassion and emotional attachment should be there to deal with depression. Many people are of the notion that depression is a kind of mental illness. This might be because they hear lot of stories and news on depressed people doing weird and horrifying acts. Therapists believe that depressed people do not like to mention their situation in details. They sometimes give only the outline of their emotional agony. People suffering from mental illness always suggest that others are being too harsh in this situation and most of them eventually break down in tears. The author further tells the audience that â€Å"her support system often told the depressed person that they just wished she could not be a little less hard on herself, to which the depressed person responded by â€Å"bursting involuntarily into tears† (Wallace 58). A person in depression is most vulnerable and any comments can affect their mental situation badly. Frequent talking to friends in such situations can make them feel bored and less responsive. Eventually, the depressed person will get a sense of shame talking to their so called support system and there will be an â€Å"inadequacy the depressed person experience about calling members of her support system† (Wallace 58). How to tackle this kind of situation is a big challenge. Besides, continuous depression can make the people in the support system feel bored. Sometimes, their gestures or â€Å"

Report of Research of HTM editors Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Report of Research of HTM editors - Essay Example It supports several coding languages which gives the user the ability to create an entire website in one program. For beginners, the multi-language support allows you to see which part of your website is made up of HTML and how your CSS (cascading style sheet – or design style sheet) effects your finished page. About.com rate Komodo Edit as the best free XML editor available. It includes a lot of great features for HTML and CSS development, and extensions are available to add on languages or other useful features. 3: HTML-Kit Tools is an excellent program for experienced designers; it has a strong set of features with no frills. But it does take some time to get used to the User Interface and general navigation. It is not a WYSIWYG editor, but it does have a Preview mode where you can see code changes as you make them. Other features include color co-ordinated code indicators, and direct links to help files straight from tooltip popups that appear if you leave your cursor above a tag for a couple seconds. These make navigating unfamiliar code much easier.   Overall it is a lightweight, smooth running program that never crashes. With macros, customizable hotkeys and plug-ins available, HTML-Kit Tools can be adapted for any web project. Newcomers might find HTML-Kit Tools difficult to use, but experienced designers will be very happy with it. 4: NetObjects Fusion 11  has everything you need to build exciting interactive websites; it has earned critical praise worldwide as one of the fastest, easiest programs to build and manage Web sites. In contrast to other code-based programs, NetObjects Fusion 11 was developed for creative users: desktop publishers, graphic designers and layout specialists. From advanced Flash intros to classic HTML-based FAQ pages, NetObjects Fusion 11 can do it all. Features include WYSIWYG interface, FTP,

Introduction to Biometric Identification Database Essay

Introduction to Biometric Identification Database - Essay Example But the evolution of biometrics in the form of automated identification of finger prints, geometry of hand, iris construction, facial structure, genetic makeup etc. is a relatively new phenomenon. Portuguese explorer Joao de Barros also points out1 the existence of Biometrics in China in the 14th century. Barros narrates that Chinese merchants used to stamp their children's palm prints and footprints on a piece of paper with ink. This way the Chinese merchants used to distinguish the young children from one another. This can be termed as the beginning of the modern biometrics. The recent advances in Information Technology and computing have provided newer dimension to this emerging field. During the last couple of decades biometrics has established itself as a comprehensive tool for establishing Identities and Verification. In 1890, Alphonse Bertillon, a Parisian police desk, studied body length to identify criminals. Subsequently the method came to be known as Bertillonage method, which relied heavily on measuring the body length. But the method did not last long as there were many false alarms as a result of false identifications. Thereafter, finger printing became the reliable method of identifying the criminals. There are human rights groups and civil liberties advocates argue that increasing use of biometrics has resulted in trespassing into the privacy of all human beings, but the rise in terrorist activities in recent years has forced the defense and security experts to rely heavily on the biometrics for identifying the mischief makers. Types of Biometrics and their usage A biometric system is designed to test one out of the two possible hypotheses (Wayman et al., 2005): (1) That the submitted samples are from an individual known to the system; or (2) That the submitted samples are from an individual not known to the system. Applications to test the first hypothesis are called "positive identification" systems (verifying a positive claim of enrollment), while applications testing the latter are "negative identification" systems (verifying a claim of no enrollment). Biometrics, in general can be divided into two main groups, physiological and behavioral i. Physiological factors: These factors depend upon the physical structure and appearance of the individual. Iris Scan: The Iris of an individual is scanned to match it with the stored image. Quite often the iris scan may not come out with actual on if the person is putting on dark glasses, or is suffering from some eye disease. Fingerprint: This is one of the oldest tried and tested methods of biometrics. In fact the nail is also included for identification in fingerprinting. Hand: This includes the structure of knuckles, palm and the vascular networking of hand. Face, Earlobe, Lips: The camera scans the facial structure or the fleshy pendulous part of the external ear or lips of the individual. Voice: The voice is also one of the most distinguishing features to identify an individual. Therefore the voice patterns form one of the most dependable biometric measures. Retina: like iris, the retinal structure too provides an insight into the nature and character of the person. DNA: This method too is quite frequently used in a number of cases to establish the identity of the individual. Body Odor and Sweat Pores: There are biometric techniques which can sense the

Assignment 5 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Assignment 5 - Essay Example From the studies some teachers in the district schools felt the need to reconsider some of the stages and thus this was looked at by the curriculum committee (Wiles & Bondi, 2004). With regards to the studies the goals of designing a curriculum for a school are many. School experience is expected to be able to foster socially and healthy responsible behaviours among all students as they gear up to become adults. A school system is required to prepare the students for future work, how to be good citizens and also how to cope up with their daily lives. This clearly shows that designing and developing a curriculum in school is a significance aspect in a students learning experience. Therefore, there is a lot that is expected from a curriculum. From the study, schools are supposed to have some considerations like medical, safety, economic, custodial that should be related to a curriculum (Wiles & Bondi, 2004). Based on the study one of the major constraint that leads to lack of attainment of the curriculum goals is the factor of having less time in designing a curriculum. Lack of sufficient time for designing and instructing of a curriculum is very crucial for district schools and any other learning institution. Based on the present situation regarding education, curriculum has been known to serve more goals with only a few having to be eliminated. Acknowledgement of this issue leads to a lot of conflict based on some of the goals. It is clearly seen that some goals in a curriculum ought to be given up if others need to be met. A danger always arises when the members of a committee have to come up with delineation of some of the goals. With regards to the study a conflict came up among the teachers when the curriculum committee had to delineate some of the goals(Wiles & Bondi, 2004). The main structural feature that should be maintained in designing a

CHINA'S TERMS Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

CHINA'S TERMS - Coursework Example After the objective is brought forward, rules and regulations can be easily set up and the foreign policies can be well dealt with (Tutor2u.net, 2014).  . It is usually stated that the companies might lose the market share if it decides that to let go of a new or international market. Although, the ethical and moral beliefs state differently. It is believed in their case that it is not appropriate to work alongside collective governments. In case the company decides to leave the market due to some reasons then the rival business will take the advantage and step up to get a hold of a higher market share. Entering the market later makes it harder for the companies to gain a higher market share or at times a moderate market share. I believe that the company should not transfer their technologies and hence prefer the first option that can prove to be the best for companies. The market in China is increasing in volume and is has a growing market. The companies as a result aim at protecting and safeguarding their own sales and thus, stay put to their production methods. The transfer of technology can be both time consuming and costly. China can, however, provide the company with good business but it is also true that the companies can prefer other countries to set up their production factories at, as they are only assumed to be the customers of Chinas product

Slavery In the Chocolate Factory Essay Example for Free

Slavery In the Chocolate Factory Essay â€Å"Quality is the measure of excellence or state of being free from deficiency, defects, and significant variations, (Nader, 2009). Quality of a product can be mainly assessed from a manufacturer and a customer point of view. From a customer point of view, product quality is perspective as each individual perceives quality differently. Ultimately, product quality is the capability of the product to fulfil customer expectations as required from the users. Quality from a manufacturer’s perspective depends on company size, culture, financial resources, human resources, market pressures and company strategy. Due to the availability of a large number of products in the market, different industries have put forward different parameters that allow a product to be judged against the competition. For example, an electronic product may have quality parameters such as performance, reliability, safety and appearance that has to be met (UNIDO, 2006). Process quality Process quality targets the life cycle of a product from the beginning, design, development, roll out, updates and product support. Both product and process quality are combined together and quality control measures put in place to ensure the final outcome is of a high quality. Interaction between product quality and process quality In order to produce a quality product it requires a quality process. This involves maintaining the process operating at a level that complies with required quality criteria. When the quality of a process varies it will have a direct impact on product characteristics and hence product quality. For example, a metal producing plant has processes such as cutting, machining, bending and coating. The smoothness, hardness and thickness etc of the metal are directly impacted by the quality of the processes. Once the metal is manufactured, the customer will judge it against the product specification and make a judgement on quality. (McGraw-Hill, 2002) Scharffen Berger Chocolate Maker is a company that prides itself on product quality. As a result of this it led to an increase in customer demand and an increase in market share. To maintain the high quality of the end product while meeting demand, Jim Harris and co. put in place procedures that assisted them to retain quality throughout the different stages of the production process. The following table provides a summary of the quality techniques used in the production line: Table 1 Quality Techniques in Production Line Production StageQuality assurance and quality control techniques used to maintain quality of the process Bean Cleaner†¢The precise process associated with separating the waste from beans. †¢Once cleaned, storing the beans under specific climate and humidity controls Roaster†¢Roasting different types of beans separately. †¢Human tasting Winnower†¢Precise process associated with separating cocoa beans from the shell Melangeur†¢Quality testing of the product for texture, taste and physical properties Conche†¢Quality testing of the product done through a scrape gauge to measure the level of smoothness Tempering and molding†¢Human testing for texture, snap and taste Packaging†¢Check quality after the production line General†¢Blind tasting at different stages †¢Hiring skilled operators †¢Calibration of equipment All the above processes will assist in maintaining the quality of the final product. While using third party companies with the productions process, product quality is maintained by random sampling and testing to ensure the product meets required specifications. Quality process analysis Quality control measures are put into place before and during the production process to ensure the raw materials and processes are of acceptable quality. To ensure a high quality product at each stage of the production process quality techniques can be used such as quality assurance (QA), quality control (QC) and through means of continuous process improvements. By implementing these strategies business risks with regard to quality can be managed. However, a cost benefit analysis is required to be carried out to determine if the extent of quality assurance and quality control is beneficial to the business. The final inspection of the product is used for quality assurance as well. There is a fine balance between quality and cost of any product. If the product maintains a higher than required quality and the cost is high due to this very requirement, demand will decrease. Therefore, quality should be maintained at a level where it is sustainable so that a the product can be cost effective to face a competitive market. In the case study, Harris’s team experiments with different techniques to reduce the time required to prepare the chocolate at different stages of the process of chocolate making. It is clear that with the changes in the processes of chocolate production, the final quality was sometimes so much affected that the pioneers of the factory refused to endorse the change. This proves that there is an undeniable interaction between product quality and process quality. However, the decision was made to make changes in the process only after so many trials, testing and tasting. This demonstrates that, In order to make a good quality product a series of quality processes are required. To maintain quality process a series of quality control systems are required. In a process quality control scheme the sequence of the steps is very important as some processes will be critical which would reflect largely in the quality of the final product. The following table details each process where Harris and his team have incorporated quality control schemes to minimise variation. Table 2 Harris’s Quality Control Schemes in the process Process sequenceQuality control Raw material quality controlPurchase BeansFind the farmers who grew the highest quality bean Ferment beans properly before dried and shipped to US Process quality controlBean CleanerThe precise process associated with separating the waste from beans. Once cleaned, storing the beans under specific climate and humidity controls. RoasterRoasting different types of beans separately to optimize the flavor. Operator monitor the temperature and taste the sample. WinnowerPrecise process associated with separating cocoa beans from the shell. MelangeurUse historical melangeur to perform task. Operator determined the time of completion based on look, feel, and taste. Ball MillIt provide quality benefits by decreasing the amount of flavor degradation. The resulting chocolate be tested and evaluated for quality. ConcheAeration was an important step for the quality control as bubble will created when blades moves. Quality testing of the product done through a scrape gauge to measure the level of smoothness Tempering and moldingHuman testing for level of stability, glossy surface, smooth feel in the mouth and snap. Quality control when transporting liquid chocolate to third-party molding. Finished product inspectionPackagingOwn packing in order to keep a close eye on quality. Third-party pacing as they have better equipment and quality control. Quality control at when re-melt and re-temper procedure. Check quality after the production line. Critical control points (CCp) can affect the quality of the finished product. However, not all steps in the process are considered as critical points. Specification or guidelines can assist in maintaining quality of certain products. These set regulations and standards such as to ISO 9000 and ISO 9001 that need to be complied with in a process. Transport or shipping becomes critical points because for example, the basic problem with transporting chocolate in containers is its relatively low melting point. Solar radiation and other external influences (heat sources, such as double bottom tanks, engine rooms) may cause the temperature in the container to rise considerably and exceed the melting point, so making enormous quality degradation inevitable. Process Bottlenecks. A bottleneck in project management is one process in a chain of processes, such that its limited capacity reduces the capacity of the whole chain (Wikipedia, 2012). The capacity of the production process is determined by the slowest chain task. These slow tasks are referred to as bottlenecks and they have an impact on the throughput of a manufacturing process. Bottlenecks in a manufacturing process refer to resources that requires the longest time in operation to meet demand. One of the characteristics of bottlenecks is that it makes the operating rate of the non-bottlenecks operate below 100%. Hence increasing capacity of the bottlenecks helps to reduce the time required for the entire process. However when one bottleneck is eliminated then another bottleneck is usually formed (Imaoka, 2009). The bottlenecks in the process can inhibit flow, cause inventories, and prevent throughout from matching customer demand. This chapter identified the capacity of bottlenecks throughout the process, analysed the management and improvement methods in order to make progress towards Scharffen Berger’s goal. Process flow diagram. The first step to create a process flow diagram is to define the process boundaries. The process boundaries are the entry and exit points of inputs and outputs of the process. The input of Scharffen Berger Chocolate Maker process is the raw chocolate bean and the output will be packaged chocolate ready to sell. Once the boundaries are defined, the process flow diagram is a valuable tool for understanding the process using graphic elements to represent tasks, flows and storage. Figure 1 is flow diagram represents Scharffen Berger Chocolate maker production process at earlier 2005: Figure 1 Scharffen Berger Chocolate Maker Production Process The symbols in a process flow diagram are defined as follows: Rectangles: represent tasks. The equipment capacity, process capacity, duration and flow time are listed under each of the task. Arrows: represent flows. Flows include the flow of material and the flow of information. In this case the flow represents flow of raw bean, roasted bean, waste, Nibs, and chocolate. Triangles: represent storage (inventory). Storage bins commonly are used to represent raw material inventory, work in process inventory, and finished goods inventory. The process flow diagram linked tasks in series are performed sequentially. Tasks drawn in parallel such as two Conche machine and different packaging options are performed simultaneously. In the above diagram, raw bean is held in a storage bin at the beginning of the process. After the last task, the output also is stored in a storage warehouse. Scharffen Berger typically kept on to two monthes of inventory in stock for each of its major products. Process performance measures. In order to identify the bottlenecks in Scharffen Berger Chocolate manufacture process, the process performance measures become essential, this aspects include: Capacity – The capacity is its maximum quantity that the equipment capable to perform in once. This parameter can affect the process rate and utilisation of equipment. Process capacity – The process capacity is its maximum output rate, measured in units produced per unit of time. The capacity of a series of tasks is determined by the lowest capacity task in the string. The parallel tasks is the sum of the capacities of the two strings. Flow time – The average time that a unit requires to flow through the process from the entry point to the exit point. The flow time includes both processing time and any time the unit spend between steps. Duration – The duration is the total running time of each of the task in a week unit, it can be one shift a day, seven days a week. The inventory in the process is related to the throughput rate and throughput time: WIP Inventory = Throughput Rate x Flow Time This relation is known as Little’s Law, named after John D. C Little whos proved it mathematically in 1961 (Barton et al, 2002). The process bottleneck improvement. The process bottleneck occurred at the slowest flow rate of the series task in the process. The bottleneck can be found by comparing the process capacity. Saving time in the bottlenecks activity saves time for the entire process. Saving time in a non-bottleneck activity does not help the process since throughout rate is limited by the bottleneck. If the next slowest task is much faster than the bottleneck, then the bottleneck is having a major impact on the process capacity (Starnes, 2000). Operating hour The first bottleneck of production capacity throughout process was identified as operating hour. Before Harris manage the Scharffen Berger, in order to avoid overtime payment to employee, the business only operating one shift per day. The equipments such as Conches, Melangeurs, were not efficiently used. Harris calculated each completed conche could be worth over $30,000 in sales and industry average 40% in contribution on sales. It would be worth to pay overtime and increase productions. Conche operating The second capacity bottleneck throughout the process can be identified as conche operating hour. Scharffen Berger owned two Conches used to refine, mix and aerate the chocolate. The disadvantage of this machine is time consuming, each 1400kg bath of chocolate liquor typically spend 48 to 72 hours inside of the conche machine. Figure 2 indicate the identified bottleneck task (red colour) in the Scharffen Berger Chocolate Maker process in earlier 2005. Figure 2 Conche Bottleneck in Scharffen Berger Process The production rate of Conche is the slowest compare with other tasks. The total capacity for two Conche is 2800kg, and it’s requiring 40-60 hrs to finish each operation, Conche working 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. The capacity of the melangeur is 115kg and requires 1. 25hr to finish the job. The working duration of melangeur is 16 hours a day, 7 days a week. By applying production rate formula: By comparing the production rate, the bottleneck of the process can be identified as conche task. Two conche working 24hours a day compare with melangur only work 16 hours a day, the maximum working hour of melangur can not be reached as it constrained by slow operation of conche. In order to improve bottleneck of conche, the ball mill has been introduced as it can perform most conche tasks effectively. Instead of 40-60 hours, the ball mill can grain particles from 100 microns to 25 microns in three hours. The conche would still be needed for its aeration mixing function. The total operation time for ball mill and conche can reduce to 15 hours instead 40-60 hours. Melangeur operating After the company decided to use ball mill instead of conches, melangeur becomes the capacity bottleneck throughout the process. The capacity of the ball mill and conche is 1400kg and requires 15 hours to finish the job. The working duration of melangeur is 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. By applying production rate formula: Since the production rate of melangeur only 1472 kg/day, the melangeur becomes the capacity bottleneck throughout the process. Figure 3 show the new flow chart as the ball mill introduced. The melangeur was used to grind the nibs; this released the cocoa butter and turned the dry nibs into chocolate paste. The company recently located a used melangeur that could be purchased and refurbished for $50,000. Figure 3 Melangeur Bottleneck in Scharffen Berger Process Molding process The last bottleneck affect the production capacity process could be modelling process. The larger, faster modelling equipment would be prohibitively expensive, and several third party co-packers had excess capacity and would be able to model more Scharffen Bergers chocolate. Harris thought Scharffen Berger might avoid the resulting duplication of the tempering and modelling steps by transferring the liquid chocolate directly to the co-packer. Figure 4 shows the operating process when the modelling and packaging task been given to the third party and co-packers. Figure 4 Third Party Molding and Co-Packer for Scharffen Berger Process In this stage, the process boundaries at output point will change from chocolate ready to sell to liquid chocolate. The modelling and packaging task has been withdrawn from operation process. But the challenges is transporting liquid chocolate was a very tricky, expensive and require high level of quality control with third parties. Future improvements The following lists some methods that can improve the operation process for Scharffen Berger Chocolate maker: Add additional resources to increase capacity of the bottleneck. For example, an additional Roaster or Cleaner machine can be added in parallel to increase the capacity. Reduce work-in-process inventory. Reduce the lead time such as reduce the cooling time after roasting the coffee bean. Move task away from bottleneck resources. Increase availability of bottleneck resources, for example, increasing the daily operating hour for melangeur from 16hours a day to 24 hours a day. Minimize non-value adding activities. Such as reduce transporting time, rework, waiting time, testing and inspection time. Redesign the chocolate type for better manufacturability – can improve several or all process performance measures. Quality Process For a Premium Quality Product The main aim of any organisation is to provide customer satisfaction by providing product and services. Quality of an end product requires production design based on customer feedback which not only minimises loss but also provides competitive advantages. In Scharffen Berger Chocolate maker case study Scharffen berger prioritises specific areas to achieve a high quality product . These areas are as follows Raw material- Scharffen Berger prided itself on using the highest quality beans available from countries such as Ghana, Trinidad, Jamaica, Domician Republic, Madagascar, and other countries. Scharffen Berger blended up to 9 varieties of beans to make each type of chocolate unlike other companies that used only 2 different types of beans. Steinberg and Scharffen travelled to remote regions near the equator to find farmers who grew the highest quality beans and to ensure that these farmers allowed there beans to ferment properly before shipping them. 2) Cleaning Prior to being roasted, beans were poured into a large bean cleaner machine that separated cocoa beans from objects like dust, small stones and twigs 3) Roaster To enhance the flavour all cocoa beans were roasted before they could be sent to make chocolates. Scharffen Berger roasted each kind of bean separately in order to optimise flavour. The sample was tasted by them regularly in order to check whether the roasting is complete. According to Harris, â€Å"practice of tasting† is the best methods of measurements at each stage of the chocolate production process. Once beans were roasted they were used within a few days in order to optimise flavour. 3) Conche Once the chocolates left the melaunger there were still some small nib pieces that needed to be ground further. This was done in the conche. Other premium quality products were also added in the conches which broke all the ingredients down to microscopic pieces. Experiments were also done with powdered sugar in order to reduce the time for Conching but found the taste unacceptable. 4) Tempering and moulding This process was to be done in a specific sequence with a certain degree of stirring. It was used to avoid duplication of the tempering and moulding steps by transferring the liquid steps to co-packers 5) Quality Control This was the most important step performed in order to get a premium quality product. Operators measured the quality of the product by examining its look and texture, breaking it and tasting it. At least once in 15 days, Scharffen Berger management and machine operators got together to calibrate their perceptions and standards for acceptable quality by blind testing the beans and chocolate at various stages of production. 6) Equipment Balmill : using Balmills can increase the capacity of production at least 75%. In addition, it will be extra beneficial for the products with high sugar content by decreasing the amount of flavour degradation that can occur when a premium product is over-processed and excessively manipulated. New equipment such as ball mill will assist in increasing capacity and efficiency of the process. 7) Quality Control: Operators measured the quality of chocolate by constantly examining its appearance, texture, tasting and breaking it. The quality of the product is checked at various stages to test if it is good to be sold. As a result of these quality checks the number of defects in the final product is reduced and will also lead to an overall increase in organizational performance. In addition this will also have a positive flow on effect on customer confidence and customer satisfaction of the product which will yield further increase in demand. 8) Every two months, management and machine operators calibrate their perception and standards for acceptable quality by â€Å"blind testing†. 9) Operating time: Increased conformance to legislation such as carbon emissions by reducing operating time. For example the existing conches are operated 24 hours a day and seven days a week. By replacing the conches with the new ball mill, Harris (Chief operating Officer of Scharffen Berger Chocolate Maker) and his team will reduces the operating time of machinery and increase the efficiency of the process. Adantages of high quality product Advantages of developing high quality products are, Increase in demand needs increased supply. Addressing the bottlenecks of the production process and improving stages of the process will assist with increasing supply. Increase in customer satisfaction and improving the business output. Using Quality Assurance techniques to check the product at various stages by tasting or testing to ensure that the final product obtained is of premium quality and meets customer expectations will lead to increase in business growth as the customer numbers will increase. Quality improvement is a planed managerial activity. It involves identifying potential improvements, prioritized potential areas of improvement and planning and the implementation of projects and improvements’, (Foster, 2010). Scharffen Berger prioritized potential areas of improvement. Then these improvements were planned and implemented in several stages in order to achieve a premium quality product. Every year, more than 30,000 people toured the factory and many of these visitors bought the products during these tours. By demonstrating how good the quality of the processes was, Scharffen Berger won the confidence of his clients. Moreover, quality processes can be used to manage risks in the production line. As a result quality processes can be used as a risk mitigation strategy by business. In the case of Scharffen Berger Chocolate Maker, the types of risks that can be minimized by quality processes are quality of raw material, appearance, texture, snapping and tasting. In addition to risk management, customers in general are willing to pay an additional amount of money for a premium quality product. Hence there is a niche market for these chocolates. In order to satisfy customers in this market the business needs to follow high quality process development techniques and produce an end product that will satisfy their high expectations. Innovation leads to high quality process development in the long term and an increase in system efficiency. Hence overtime this will result in competitive advantages over the other products and a greater market share in the industry. Another benefit of high quality process development is that it will lead to standardization or bench marking. Benefits of standardization includes for instance, increase in cost effectiveness (e.g. decrease in manufacturing cost), improve negotiating power with third party companies, simplify support and training, simplify purchase of raw materials, procurement, upgrade and disposal of plant materials and economies of scale in manufacturing, training and testing. High quality process development will also minimise the failure costs of the product, both internal and external. Reasons for using a high quality process The aim of Scharffen Berger chocolate maker is to produce premium chocolates. In order to produce premium chocolates Harris and his team requires high quality process development. Some of the reasons for using a high quality process development are as follows: Another benefit of maintaining supply to future demand is the perceived quality of the product by the customers will improve due to an increase in customer satisfaction. It also improves aesthetics of the Scharffen Berger Chocolates such as taste. Increases reliability of the production line with automation for example the use of the ball mill. It gives the company the opportunity for continuous improvement. For example Harris and his team carried out many investigations to reduce bottlenecks and to increase capacity of the existing production line. As an outcome of their investigation they decided to incorporate a new ball mill. Quality management is incorporated into the production line to ensure consistency of the quality of the product is maintained. This can be reflected in the case study by Harris and his team employing a skilled workforce. Quality assurance is maintained throughout the production line to ensure the high quality of the end product. For example Harris and his team undertook extensive testing and tasting of the product at various stages of production. This report aims to explain the issues underlining the Cocoa industry mainly in South Africa. It relates to child trafficking and the actions that corporations such as Nestles and Mars are taking in order to tackle this issue. Lastly it will conclude the actions one can take as a manager in order to resolve these issues using different theories and approaches. Child Trafficking Child Trafficking is in direct violation of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights of 1948-2008 which states that all humans have a choice to work to just and favourable conditions of work. It also states that everyone should be paid fairly and equal to their work. Lastly it states that everyone has the right to rest and limitation on working hours. Children in South Africa. India and other countries in general arent given any of these things. It is the duty of the people high in power to enforce these rights onto their people by putting strict restrictions which can lead to punishments if broken. Dealing with an issue on a large scale is difficult as it is extremely difficult to keep an eye on such small areas of an operation. Due to the high number of production and harvesting it is easy for companies such as SAF-CACAO to keep their secrets hidden from their buyers e.g. Nestle. However Chocolate manufacturers arent bothered by these issues as their main objective is to maximise profits. Due to the high volume of Coco they buy even a small percentage of increase in price per kg of coco can lead to a huge rise in costs in production. Nestle signed an agreement to end child labour in 2001 however they have failed in this because they didnt carry out checks on their suppliers in South Africa. Reports show that 1. 8 Million children are currently in danger of being used as slaves (Humphrey Hawksley, 2012). Companies such as Nestle and Mars can still deal with this issue by boycotting SAF-CACAO and other companies using child labour because this can reduce their profits and pressuring them into bankruptcy. â€Å"The world must shift the focus of trade from being driven solely by profits to serve people-cantered development† (Yash Tandon Executive Director of South Centre). If Nestle stops buying from unfair suppliers then this in return promote a better image of their business which will likely to increase their sales and customers will be more happy with Nestles actions. According to McGregor’s theories X Y SAF-CACAO is currently following the Authoritarian Management Style . This is because they are irresponsible and dont take into account the views of their workers and the conditions they are living through. Cultural differences are also playing a major role in this because South Africa is mainly collectivist based and due to this children are trafficked into slavery and even though this is bad they dont really have a choice because if they return to their parents they will probably be punished for not bringing them any money. Due to the lack of education in areas around ivory coast there is a misunderstanding and unethical views on the age at which a child should work. Parents expect children to work and pay their families regardless of their capabilities and the dangers of them being kidnapped. Dealing with these issues wouldnt be possible unless us as customers boycott Nestle and other firms that are buying chocolates from unethical companies. Buying Fair-Trade products is an alternative which we can all resort to even though it is more expensive it is at least ethical. There are many other firms that promote anti-child trafficking such as Freedom Matters , Anti-Slavery. These influence people to replace their normal purchases with fair-trade products. However there is no strict action that anyone can take to stop child trafficking. As a manager of a firm that uses suppliers in Africa it would be wise to set main priority to fight child trafficking, first step would be to enforce the Human rights law in all the companies operations in order to make sure all the operations within the business as well as the businesses that the firm is dealing with all are following this law. Secondly monitoring the origin of cocoa will be carried out to check exactly where it is made and whether the farms are using children to harvest the crops. If this is the case then social services and the police will be notified. Another way to deal with this issue will be to reward suppliers who operate ethically by offering them higher prices for their cocoa. These suppliers can also be monitored on a monthly basis to check if they are working under the human rights act. In majority of growing countries it is very easy to buy someone by offering them a lot of money to do something bad. Due to this it will only be wise for someone high in power to carry out checks on a businesss production because they will likely to be the only people that will give truthful information. Bibliography FairTrade. (2013). What is Fairtrade?. Available: http://www. fairtrade. org. uk/what_is_fairtrade/default. aspx. Last accessed 1st December 2013. Foodispower. (2013). Slavery in the Chocolate Industr. Available: http://www. foodispower.org/slavery-in-the-chocolate-industry/. Last accessed 1st December 2013. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights. (1945). Preamble. Available: http://www. un. org/en/documents/udhr/. Last accessed 1st December 2013. Douglas Mcgregor. (1960). Douglas Mcgregor Theory X,Y. Available: http://www. businessballs. com/mcgregor. htm. Last accessed 1st December 2013. Humphrey Hawksley. (2012). Nestle failing on child labour abuse, says FLA report. Available: http://www. bbc. co. uk/news/world-africa-18644870. Last accessed 1st December 2013.

Leadership Of Sultan Said Bin Sultan 1804 1856 History Essay

Leadership Of Sultan Said Bin Sultan 1804 1856 History Essay In history there are good examples of leadership. Models can be studied and analyzed so that we can draw to the successful leadership. The report will discuss the biography of Sultan Said bin Sultan, as a leader. The period of the reign of Leadership Sultan Said bin Sultan who ruled Oman, from 1804 to 1856, the greatest period in the history of Oman in terms of growth and prosperity. Sultan Said was the greatest person in the nineteenth century ruled Oman. Oman became in the reign of Sultan Said empire stretched from Bandar Abbas on the coast of the Arabian Gulf to the port of Zanzibar on the east coast of Africa, in addition to some islands in the Arabian Gulf, Arabian Sea and Indian Ocean, including the Comoros. Report will give Sultan Said background, his experience, the analysis of Sultan Said achievements, his Styles of leadership, and ethics, capabilities of our leader. In the end, will be the conclusion. Why choosing Sultan Said To write an excellent report on the leadership hesitated to choose the best leadership. I was interested in history, especially history of Oman. I did not find a better Leadership than Sultan Said bin Sultan which is the greatest ruler of Oman in the modern era. The long reign of Sultan Said bin Sultan, over fifty-two years has a lot of events and experiences. The Empire ruled by him was distant and different races and religions. So I wanted to analysis the experience of leadership Sultan Said to be as useful in the leading of governance. Background of Sultan Said (1776 à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 1856) Sultan bin Said was born According to the author Holly (1985) in the town (Alghabra) in the governorate of Muscat in 1776.The Sultan Said bin Sultan, a grandson of the founder of the ruling family in Oman from 1741. He assumed power after the death of his father, Sultan Ahmed bin Sultan. Sultan bin Said, took the reins of power in Oman in 1806. As a child Said bin Sultan at that time studied the holy of Koran and the Arabic language with specialists teachers. Also Said studied the history, literature and read history books to know great leaders and nation history. He defined political and management of government through his father, Sultan Ahmed bin Sultan. Sultan Said had three wives legitimacies only, according to Islamic law the right man to marry four women at the same time Ruth (1988). Tow of his wives from Persia and the third wifes the daughter of his uncle her name Azza Bint Saif. Azza has been the only legal wife until his death. In addition to his wives had a number of different nationalities of the women maids in royal palace born to him, dozens of boys and girls. Whos inherited him were about seventy heirs of boys and girls. Sultan Said died in 1856 in aboard on his ship Victoria during the trip from Oman to Zanzibar, near the Seychelles Islands, and was buried in Zanzibar Holly (1985). His experience Sultan Said was the greatest personality in the nineteenth century ruled Oman. Sultan Said was able by his experience as leadership governed an empire stretching from Oman to Bandar Abbas on the coast of the Arabian Gulf to the port of Zanzibar on the east coast of Africa, in addition to some islands in the Arabian Gulf, the Arabian Sea and Indian Ocean, including in the Comoros. Ruth (1988). Sultan Said was able to gain the loyalty and satisfaction citizens. He was a modest leader. Sultan Said had long experience in rule extended about fifty-two years. Sultan Said benefited from the experience of leadership during the reign of his father Sultan. As the military leader, he was a brave leader is personally leading the most of the fighting. He was a veteran diplomat was able to establish relations with major countries in the world. Sultan Said was a commercial mentality was able to develop the financial resources of his state. The era of Sultan Said was the golden period in modern history. In the era of Sultan Said economic life flourished. Race has coexisted Arabs, Africans, Asians and other potentially well. The concept of the economy in the era of Sultan Said bin Sultan depends on the development of free trade with the various nations. Sultan Said built a huge commercial fleet backed naval force. Sultan Said distinct commercial relations with China, East Asia, India, Sri Lanka, Iran and other countries. Ruth (1988). The Analysis of Sultan Said Known in the past that the leadership of a hereditary nature. Leaders are born not make. With the emergence of concepts of equality and democracy, has begun a new concept of leadership. The leaders are born not make. Leadership can be learned and acquired. In the end have great man theory. The leaders people with unusual features and abilities to shape events and change the situation. There are a number of personal traits such as: the magnitude of the body, intelligence, confidence and control Huczynski and Buchanan (2007) Functional theories focus on the functions of leadership how the behavior of the leader affects and is affected by a group of his followers Huczynski and Buchanan (2007). It focuses on the nature of the group and subordinates. It is believed that leadership skills can be learned, developed and improved. Situational and contingency theories focus in the leader appears in certain situations, because he who with the best situations to lead the group. Situations as the theory had three components: the leader, the situations and followers. The situation is the installation of interpersonal relationship within the group. Situation will change if the group changed targets. Leadership based on: situation, confidence, habits, traditions and circumstances of the group Huczynski and Buchanan (2007) In assessing the biography of the Leadership must refer to the time he was living and environment his inception. After the death of his father, Said bin Sultan was thirteenth years, He found himself front of his cousin Bader, who wanted power. Where can be the killer or murdered. He has chosen the first option if he wants to sustain life and power. He is believed that leadership skills can be learned developed and improved Huczynski and Buchanan (2007). Those, the person can become a leader in the group by achieved goals. Posts associated with the choice of target and identify ways to achieve the objective. The reign of Sultan Said bin Sultan start in 1804, grandson of the founder of the ruling family El Busaid in Oman the brighter times that Oman experienced during the nineteenth century. The most prosperous despite the many difficulties encountered in building state. Sultan Said bin Sultan, one of the most prominent figures in the family El Busaid, which played a role in the history of Oman and the Gulf and East Africa. Ruth (1988). Sultan Said found his predecessors have on the East coast of Africa kind of sovereignty ambiguous. The Sultan Said ruling became active not nominal. Sultan Said vision and intelligence was able to make real sovereignty in East Africa. Oman became in the reign of Sultan Said wide Empire. So that all areas between Bandar Abbas, on the east coast of the Arabian Gulf to the port of Zanzibar on the east coast of Africa, the influence of Oman. In addition to the many islands in the Gulf as well as the entrance to the Arabian Sea and Indian Ocean including Comoros was under the influence of Oman. There are a number of personal traits such as: the magnitude of the body, intelligence, confidence and control Huczynski and Buchanan (2007).Can be reached from the Traits theory, the Sultan Said bin Sultan successes combines a leader as above-mentioned theories. On this basis, the successful leader is able to combine traditional qualities and skills gained in the leadership. Sultan Said governance inherited from his father. The Sultan Said to prove that the commander was able to develop features and gain experience in running the country. Sultan Said was marked on morality, reverence and attractive personality. The Sultan Said has great potential to affect around him and raising their respect and admiration for him. Sultan Said was able to gain the loyalty and satisfaction citizens. He was a modest leader. Holly (1985). Characterized the Sultan Said, can be loved him and frightens him at the same time, many and varied aspects of his personality. He was character, combining capacity and minimalist. Sultan Said was mixed in his actions as the situation, acumen, compassion, tolerance, firmness, violence, cruelty and revenge. Italian doctors Vensenzo (Roth. (1988)), who worked in the service of Sultan Said, described as handsome man, moderate strength, the skin is bright, good character, Debonair and of a broad vision. The Sultan Said bin Sultan, who ruled more than half a century a wide range in the Gulf and Indian Ocean, moving between the property in Oman and the African coast. Sultan Said believed how the behavior of the leader affects and is affected by a group of his followers. He focuses on the nature of the group and subordinates. In the last years of his rule, he would have preferred justice as long as possible in Zanzibar so that can oversee his property in coast of Africa. He had a very broad relationship with the leaders of African tribes and the kings of provinces and islands, which many could not control, such as Madagascar and others. Therefore, the saying goes (Roth. (1988)) If were banged drums Sultan of Zanzibar, dancing by members of the African Lakes. Sultan Said was interested the needs of subordinates comfort increate a comfortable working environment. Sultan Said gives subordinates area to participate in decision-making. Sultan provides subordinates the procedures and expectations clear. Sultan Said was set to defy their subordinates goals, helping to develop their confidence and reassure them their leader. According to (Ruth (1988) Sultan Said was simple person. He wearied simple clothing, where was difficult to distinguish between him and any of the population of Muscat. He was wearing cotton Dashdashh and above it wool coat and put over his head a turban. His daughter Salamh said (Ruth (1988) he was front the God, he was the good example of reverence and piety, he was a simple and modest. He was far from the superiority and arrogance and estrangement. He went by himself to a section of slaves to congratulate them equal to or novelty in mourning. The Sultan Said bin Sultan, had been able to establish commercial and military fleet, which was able to maintain this state. It also managed to establish international relations with Egypt, some European countries and the United States of America (Holly (1995). The functions of the group are measures of leadership. There are two functional identified are linked to the achievement of leadership: goal and the preservation, which the Sultan chive it. Sultan Said genius leader when he chose Zanzibar in 1833 Holly (1995). To be the capital of East Africa, after the successful transition from a small island to a source of political, economic and cultural and mid-east Africa. Enable the Omani in the presence of his Mogadishu from the north to Cape Delgado in the south east coast. Omani also extended influence in the north-western direction to the Kingdom of Buganda and the west as far as Upper Congo (now Zaire). Sultan Said known as Lord of the Seas he has sailed long and many distance (Ruth (1988). Sultan Said sent his ship Omani (sultana) to the United States of America, carrying the first Omani ambassador. The envoy was the first Arab to reach the United States also sent a Sultana ship to Britain to confirm diplomatic relations with it. Most researchers have praised the wise leadership in the leadership of his empire. Sultan Said bin Sultan had agreements with 22 countries and the exchange of letters with 33 countries. He treated other countries the principle of reciprocity. He distanced his country from becoming involved in international problems at that time. Sultan Said stability the government of Oman (Holly (1995), despite the ambitions and foreign conspiracies. Sultan Said been able to maintain the independence of his countrys balance of using diplomacy over military force in order to reach its objectives. Sultan Said was coordinated between the parties his wide country to guide their work toward the goal. Promote the highest level of performance efficiency and effectiveness. Sultan Said overcome the obstacles and personal conflicts between the royal families (Ruth (1988). This requires the Sultan Said permanent contact with the constantly reminded of the motivation for cooperation. Sultan was working to create a team spirit integrated united goals and aspirations. Sultan Said has not a large military force. He was Dealer. Therefore, survival in power was to receive the consent of the people and leaders. He has taken a new approach in giving the mandate authorities. Oman relies on a large commercial fleet. Experts considered the second largest fleet in the Indian Ocean at that time (Ruth (1988). Support the commercial fleet naval force distinct. Sultan Said bin Sultan, the economy developed his empire in East Africa in addition to the extensive trade with China, South East Asia, India, Sri Lanka and Iran. (Holly (1995). The Sultan has the vision and future plans, when planting the cultivation of cloves in Zanzibar. As, a commercial crop in several farms created on the ground of African, also provided assistance of European explorers, who have disclosures in Africa during the first half of the nineteenth century. Styles of Sultan Said Leadership styles can be divided into three Styles: the democratic leadership, authoritarian leadership and Laissez-faire leadership. democratic leadership based on the principles of consolation and persuasion to influence people. Authoritarian leadership based on tyranny and oppression. As authoritarian leadership, style resort to intimidation of followers to harm them. authoritarian leadership adopts policy maneuver and decision-making. Laissez-faire leadership shows in this type of leadership, when he leaves the decision-making for his followers and implementing the decisions Huczynski and Buchanan (2007). When the Sultan Said assumed power the rule was a hereditary monarchy. Sultan Said might be collecting three styles of leadership some time. As required by the situation and the politics need at that time. But can say Sultan Said was inclined to approach democracy in the governance of the country. Sultan said had Council met with senior commanders and advisers. The Sultan had public council which was held on Friday and Monday each week, the first meeting in the morning, and the second meeting in the evening(Ruth (1988). The right of every citizen is required to meet individually with the Sultan if he had found a special requirement in his embarrassment to all. As we know that the Sultan has the wide country. So it was authorizing governors appointed by the administration areas. When he adopted Zanzibar as second capital for him in 1832, (Holly (1995), when he is in Zanzibar delegate to administrate the Government of Oman to his son Thowani. The opposite will happen, when he is in Oman delegate administration of the Government of Zanzibar to his son Majed (Ruth (1988). Some people said that the behavior of the Sultan is a courtesies east. He wanted their fame and emerging. On the contrary, the Sultan was simple in his life and clothing. The citizens consider him a father. Sultan Said palace doors were opened for citizens and delegations each day. He used to receive people in the palace with kindness and listen to their complaints Ruth. (1988). Sultan Said was an effective problem-solving. Sultan did not hesitate to move quickly in the country when crises arise. He was able to develop plans and strategies and effective decision-making. Ethics and the capabilities of Sultan Said Diversify sources of leadership and literature. The authorities granted to the leaders and vary in scope and impact. Leader needs to skills based on his character and qualities. Successful leader needs skills to ensure the success of its functions. The most important of those Ethics and the capabilities: Leader learning and training: the leader has to be a coach. Leader shows the potential of each followers member to training under his supervision. It creates enthusiasm and confidence to help him to carry out his duties. Sultan preferred choice of strong leaders and empowered to manage areas (Holly (1995). Then give them sufficient powers and give them opportunities to develop themselves through their experiences and take advantage of their mistakes. Leader like the work: man is inherently lazy. Sultan Said was dominated by followers who wish to work. Sultan retained the eminent personalities to selected ministers, advisers and judges who help referees in the conduct of the State( Ruth. (1988). . Sense of responsibility: the difference between the human and machines is a sense of responsibility. Followers are passionate about the duties if it gave them as social service. Sultan Said was a successful businessman who extended trade from the coasts of China in the east to the west coast of America profits promised by wide Ruth. (1988) Profits did not keep him out of politics and governance. Organizing: The duty of leader is organizing the tasks to followers as possibilities. The leader is suspended direct efforts to reach the goal. Sultan said the division of responsibilities and functions between his followers as competencies, expertise, capabilities and aspirations. So, able Sultan Said to rule wide empire (Holly (1995). Ethics of quell resistance: Perhaps some negative resistance in the country. The leader here expects trouble before they occurred so they do not have to put down after they arise. Sultan said was on the conduct of a private matter, far from Amman. He was often forced to leave Zanzibar to address the problems arising in Oman to resolution. He has long period in Zanzibar. The Ethics of observation: Sultan Said believed the necessary for leader to observation follower. That the duty for the leader. Thats easy for giving orders to supervise the implementation. Do not show characteristics of the leader only when observation of implementation. The Ethics of cooperation with the other leaders: A member of the group does not belong to one or farm workers exploited by the leader of her own. But men are gathering goal. And share both as potential trouble. They do not work in the service of one person but home. Sultan Said was discussed with his leaders in the decision-making task during the morning meetings, both in Muscat or Zanzibar. Sultan discusses to resolve the problems of the spirit of collective autistic. Ruth. (1988). Weaknesses of the Sultan Said Many researchers said because of the problems and unrest continued in Oman and the Gulf. That makes Sultan Said turn to East Africa, which led to losing areas power of the Gulf, (Holly (1995). Second issue, there was other case similar events in history. Sultan Said has not been appointed crown prince in advance. Civil war seizes power between the heirs of the Sultan. The war threatened the Omani State Asian and African collapse. Foreign powers interfere in this issue Ruth. (1988). Omani empire was divided into two parts, Oman and Zanzibar. Zanzibar so separated from Oman. Omani peoples ruled Zanzibar until 1964. Conclusion Useful to conclude this report by saying that, Sultan Said bin Sultan was Leader. Sultan Said smart politician and a great leader. Oman became in his reign empire stretched from Bandar Abbas on the coast of the Arabian Gulf to the port of Zanzibar on the east coast of Africa, in addition to some islands in the Arabian Gulf, Arabian Sea and Indian Ocean, including the Comoros, Sultan Said bin Sultan is all seriousness and respects deserve to examine a model as leadership. References Holly, D. (1995).Oman .London: Stains published Ministry of Information. (1995). Oman in History. London: Immel Publishing Ruth, Rudolf Said. (1988).Sayyed Said bin Sultan 1791 1856 .Bruit: Arab House Johnson, H. (1997). Oman a pictorial Resuscitation .Hong Kong Hall, R. (1999). Empires of the Monsoon. Abu dubi: Emeriti studies. Abass, A. (1981). Groups and Leadership. Cairo Posner, Kouzes. (2003). The Leadership challenge. Third edition Huczynski, A. and Buchanan, D. (2007). Organizational Behavior. 6th edition. London: Prentice Hall Grint, K. (April 2008). Leadership, task and relationship. Human Resource Management Journal, 18, 188 à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 195. Goleman, d. and Boyatzis, R. (Sep. 2008) Intelligence and Biology of Leadership, Harvard Business Review, 74 à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 78. 09:19 Appendix: photo Sultan Said bin Sultan from 1776 à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 1856 (photo)

Ghana and the Social Contract :: aristotle, family, values, communities

Aristotle rightly said that the family is the building block of the society and each family has its common values and preferences. Even though individuals may belong to the same family and society, they would have diverse opinions on what the society should be and where it should be headed. Even in the face of shared values by a society, there is another discriminant of individual’s value systems- their experiences. These experiences make them masters of themselves because they assume that their experiences are unique to only them and therefore these views should be recognized as valid. James O’Toole categorised the value systems of individuals under the four major themes of community, efficiency, liberty and equality (O'Toole, 1995). This paper reflects on the good society and its constituents in the light of these four themes. O’Toole believes these four are the great themes of political argument which face trade-offs with each other and have an inverse relati onship with each other, that is, an increase in one causes a decrease of the other. Thomas Jefferson considered the good society to be a society in which everyone was happy and I agree with that because happiness is the end product of various favourable factors in a person’s life. Furthermore, I am of the same view that a good society is one that ensures the rights of every member of the society. This is because every human being is innately self-seeking and this is evident in a child’s selfish efforts to attain his or her wants in spite of being young in knowledge of the society. Even though humans can be selfless, their basic needs should at least be met because the satisfaction of their needs sustain them and ensures their contentment. To ensure basic rights of individuals, it is essential to know which value they hold dear, whose fulfilment would bring them long lasting pleasure, thus, leading into the exploration of these major core values. Liberty is concerned with freedom of the individual in three spheres, which are in politics, religion and economics and this value births individuals who are known as libertarians. The modern Libertarian principle that these individuals operate by is that â€Å"the equal right to freedom constitutes the full extent of human equality; all other equalities are unwarranted and unjust† (O'Toole, 1995). Thus, libertarians support every kind of liberty which includes economic liberty hence, capitalism. As such they believe that government interventions in the free market stifle economic progress.

Woodrow Wilson vs the Senate Essay example -- essays papers

woodrow wilson vs the senate â€Å"The Only thing necessary for the triumph of evil is for good men to do nothing† They say time is a great teacher. How true. History has taught us that peace must be kept at all costs. At the end of World War 1, the common goal between the victorious nations throughout the world was to declare peace. The leading statesmen of these triumphant nations met in Paris to draw up the Treaty of Versailles, which would decide the fate of the central powers. Woodrow Wilson, the American President, created fourteen points as the basis for peace negotiations. Among these fourteen points was the most controversial and yet the most important to President Wilson, the League of Nations. President Wilson developed its charter and soon died from exhaustion after his own country, the United States, refused to ratify it in the senate. American policy had temporarily shifted from isolationism to internationalism because of the war, however the United States senate was not ready for the responsibilities of a world peacekeeper. Due to a republican majority, senators Henry Cabot Lodge, Alfred Beveridge, and other isolationist senators helped to sway the rest of congress to deny the ratification of the Treaty of Versailles. These senators believed that by entangling themselves in an international organization they would create new alliances, which would commit them to go to war. Also, Lodge felt that the League of Nations would be able to control the United States military by limiting the number of armaments that a nation could have. Due to Article 10 and the limitations on armaments, which the senators objected, and the inability to compromise on the deadlock between the Pr esident’s beliefs and the Senators, led to the failure to ratify the Treaty of Versailles. These factors lead the senate to their decision, which left the world vulnerable for another war and the eventual demise of the League of Nations. The Fourteen Points were one of Wilson’s major accomplishments while he held office. Wilson introduced this theory on what he believed were successful measures in not only preventing Germany from beginning a war again, but to prevent all wars. After all World War One was the war to end all wars. These Fourteen Points included proposals such as freedom of the seas, general disarmament, the removal of international trade barriers, impartia... ...n and his political rival were stubborn and stayed in a deadlock. Therefore, the treaty failed to be ratified. Wilson died on February 3, 1924 and along with him died the United States involvement in the League of Nations and the ratification of the Treaty of Versailles. Out of the Fourteen Points came Wilson’s most important achievement at Versailles, the creation of an international peacekeeping organization, the League of Nations. Woodrow Wilson did all that he could to gain the support of his people for the acceptance of the League of Nations in the Treaty of Versailles. He believed that the idea of collective security was the key to keeping world peace. Yet, Wilson was ahead of his time. America was not ready to switch from an isolationist state to an international peacekeeper. The American senate wanted to make changes to the treaty in order to secure their international stand on domestic issues. But Wilson was unwilling to compromise on securing peace for mankind, so Wilson gained nothing. The ratification of the Treaty of Versailles and the League of Nations would fail, however the idea still burned on, and the United Nations would be formed after the Second World War.

Weight Issues In Wrestling :: Health Nutrition Essays

Weight Issues In Wrestling What do Billy Saylor (19 years old) at Campbell University in North Carolina, Joseph LaRosa (22) at the University of Wisconsin-La Crosse, and Jeff Reese (21) at the University of Michigan all have in common? They are all dead now, victims of one of the ghastly secrets of college wrestling. All three boys were engaged in dehydrating practices trying to lose weight in order to qualify for their first college-wrestling matches. Reese was trying to lose 17 pounds so that he could wrestle in the 150-pound weight class. His two-hour workout in a rubber suit in a 92-degree room cost him his life. He died of rhabdomyolysis -- a cellular breakdown of skeletal muscle under conditions of excessive exercise, which, combined with dehydration, resulted in kidney failure and heart malfunction (Iowa Gazette - December 22, 1997). LaRosa was also riding a stationary bike and wearing a rubber suit when he collapsed and died. Saylor was riding a stationary bike in a predawn workout when he suffered a h eart attack (Washington Post - January 14, 1998). Physicians are of the consensus that excessive dehydration as a means to lose weight can harm bodily functions, possibly leading to kidney failure, heat stroke or a heart attack. Why then do the wrestlers engage in these dangerous activities? Legendary University of Iowa wrestling coach Dan Gable had this to say in an ESPN report: "They (wrestlers) think they are indestructible. But I’ll tell you what -- those three athletes thought they were indestructible, too. And they aren’t around to talk about it."Wrestlers believe that it is mind over body; they can accomplish anything and nothing bad will ever happen to them. So, LaRosa’s behavior on that fatal day in November wasn’t anything out of the ordinary for many college wrestlers. He was wearing sweats over a rubber suit and riding a stationary bike in a steam-filled shower room. His body temperature reached 108 degrees. He was trying to make weight for his match the next day, and wrestling’s rules did little to discourage such dangerous practices. The logic in wrestling is to make the lowest weight you can in the weigh-ins, which are 24 hours before the match. Then you can replenish and rehydrate your body over the course of the 24 hours between the weigh-in and the match. This will give you an advantage in the competition b ecause you really will be bigger and stronger then most of the wrestlers in that lower weight class.

Codes of Laws

Codes of laws After reading material chapter 1 of (Identifying and exploring security essentials) it says the following about the laws of where and when each law originated. The different laws include: The Code of Hammurabi, Draco’s law, Law of the Twelve Tables, Justinian Code, Magna Carta, and Statue of Westminster. The Babylonian Code of Hammurabi was developed by King Hammurabi in 1750 B. C. This Code had 282 clauses that regulated many issues that include different obligations and rights, to theft and debt. Barbaric punishments were used when the laws of this code were broken.I think many people believe this Code is more of revenge toward the offender, rather than an appropriate punishment but some people also believe that revenge is the same thing as punishment. Draco’s Laws (621 BC) were the first laws written in Greece and introduced the notion that the state is to punish a person. Death was the penalty for many offenses which is why it is names after draconian; which describes an unusually harsh law. The laws of the twelve tables (450 BC) were written by ten Roman men to govern the Romans, which formed the foundation of modern public and private law.There were originally ten laws and two statutes were added later. This organized a way so crime could be prosecuted publicly and victims could seek compensation. Roman law was that the law must be written; judges alone were not permitted to interpret alone. The Justinian Code (AD 529) was named after an Emperor of Byzantium, Justinian, whom codified a series of books called, â€Å"Corpus Juris Civilis†. He had an impact on modern concept of justice. This formed the foundation of civil law; one of the two main legal systems.In Westminster Abbey AnalysisMagna Carta was created by King John (1199-1216) in 1215 which was the high point of the Middle Ages. Magna Carta established English â€Å"Due Process†. There were 61 clauses; the most important is considered to be: â€Å"No freem an shall be captured or imprisoned†¦except by lawful judgment of his peers or by the law of his land†. Due Process became a foundation for the modern US justice system. Statute of Westminster (1285) was created in England by King Edward which forced citizens to become involved in crime prevention and apprehension.There were 3 practical measures: (1) the watch and ward, (2) hue and cry, (3) assize of arms. Selected night watch men or bailiffs were put to maintain order and prevent crime according to the watch and ward. A hue and cry is by command of the constable to require every citizen to pursue a felon if a felony had been committed. To establish the hue and cry, assize of arms required all males between 15 and 60 to keep a weapon in their home. All of the laws that were created and set in the past have molded what our country has established today.It has been set forth since the earliest of the laws that all men and women are created equally and if a crime is committed then there are definite consequences. Without the history of law, there would be no foundation, no reasoning. The need for private and public security is steadily increasing and crime and technology increase. The smarted we become, the more we endanger ourselves in a way. There will always be all types of crime, so protecting us all the way around is being proactive. References Clifford, M. (2004). Identifying and exploring security essentials. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall.